Maratha Samrajya Maratha Confederacy
1674 – 1820
Maharajas……
1 2 3 4
Shivaji I (leader from 1 Sambhaji I (1680-1689) Rajaram (1689-1700). Y Tarabai (regent 1700-1 Shahu I (1708-1749). So Ramaraja (1749-1777). Shahu II (1777-1808). S Pratapsinh (1808-1839) Shahaji III (1839-1848) 1848 to Great Britain Pratapsinh I (adopted) Rajaram III Pratapsinh II Raja Shahu (1918 - 195 Pratapraje (1950-1978) Udayanraje Bhonsle (1
Political Map of South Asia around 1758 AD
Capital
1st Rajgadh & then shifted to Raigadh
Language(s) Government Chattrapathi
Marathi Monarchy - 1674-1680 Shivaji - 1681-1689 Sambhaji - 1689–1700 Rajaram - 1700–1707 Tarabai - 1707–1747 Shahu - 1747–1777 Ramaraja History
- Established - Ended Area
April 21, 1674 September 21, 1820 1,000,000 km² (386,102 s q mi)
Population - 1700 est. 150,000,0 00 Hon, Rupee, Paisa, Mohor
Currency
The Maratha Empire (Marathi: मराठा सामाजय Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta) or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territo
Contents
[hide] 1 Brief History 2 Chhatrapati Shivaji (c. 1645-1680) 3 Sambhaji (c 1681-1689) 4 Rajaram and Tarabai (c 1689-1707) 5 Shahu (c 1707-1749) 6 Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar (1650-1716) 7 Peshwa Baji Rao I (1720-1740) 8 Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761) 9 The Decline of the Empire 10 Legacy of the Empire 11 Maratha rulers
11.1 The Royal House of Chhatrapati Shivaji 11.2 The Royal House of Kolhapur 11.3 Peshwa 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References
Brief History
After a lifetime of exploits and guerrilla warfare with Adilshah of Bijapur and Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the local king S
The Maratha Empire was at its height in the 18th century under Shahu and the Peshwa Baji Rao I. Losses a t the Third B
Chhatrapati Shivaji (c. 1645-1680)
Shivaji
Chhattrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale, founder of the Maratha Confederacy
The Hindu Marathas long had lived in the Desh region around Satara, in the western portion of the Deccan plateau, whe
Sambhaji (c 1681-1689)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable s material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)
Shivaji had two sons: Sambhaji and Rajaram. Sambhaji, the elder son, was very popular among the courtiers. He was a
When they were brought face to face with Aurangzeb, the latter offered to let Sambhaji live if he surrendered all the Mara
Rajaram and Tarabai (c 1689-1707)
Rajaram, Sambhaji's brother, now assumed the throne. Satara, whence Rajaram had moved the capital, came under sie Malwa was a decisive battle for the Maratha empire. The Mughals lost their eminent position on the Indian subcontinent
Shahu (c 1707-1749)
The extent of Maratha Empire
After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Shahuji, son of Sambhaji (and grandson of Shivaji), was released by Bahadu
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar had declared himself Mughal emperor. His bid for power had depended heavily on two brothers, kn
An army of Marathas commanded by Parsoji Bhosale, and Mughals, marched up to Delhi unopposed and managed to d
Maratha Emperors (1674-1818)
Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram
Queen Tarabai (1674 - 1680) (1680 - 1689) (1689 - 1700) (1700 - 1707) (1707 - 1749) (1749 - 1777)
Shahu Ramaraja
The Peshwas (Prime Ministers) Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao
(1712-1818)
(1712-1719) (1719-1740) (1740-1761) (1761-1772) (1772-1773)
Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Bajirao II Nana Sahib
(1773-1774) (1774-1795) (1795-1851) (1851-1857)
(Peshwa period: 1689-1708)
Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar was a court administrator who rose from the ranks of a local Kulkarni to the ranks o
When Chatrapati Rajaram fled to Jinji in 1689 leaving Maratha empire, he gave a "Hukumat Panha" (King Status) to Pan
He received military help from the great Maratha warriors - Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. On many occasions h
In 1698, he happily stepped down from the post of "Hukumat Panha" when Rajaram offered this post to his wife to Tara
But owing to his loyalty to Tarabai against Shahuji (who was supported by more local satraps), he was sidelined after arr Peshwa Baji Rao I (1720-1740) After Balaji Vishwanath's death in April, 1719, his son, Baji Rao I was appointed as Peshwa by Chattrapati Shahuji, one
Shrimant Baji Rao Vishwanath Bhatt (August 18, 1699- April 25, 1740), also known as Baji Rao I, was a noted general w Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761)
Baji Rao's son, Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb), was appointed as a Peshwa by Shahuji. The period between 1741 and 1745
Nanasaheb encouraged agriculture, protected the villagers, and brought about a marked improvement in the state of the
Eighteenth century painting of a Maratha Soldier ( by François Balthazar Solvyns)
The Decline of the Empire
The Peshwa sent an army to challenge the Afghan led alliance of Indian Muslims that included Rohillas, Shujah-ud-dowl Even today the phrase in Marathi, "meet your Panipat", has a similar meaning as the phrase "meet your Waterloo" does
After 1761, young Madhavrao Peshwa tried his best to rebuild the empire in spite of his frail health. In a bid to effectively
In 1775 the British East India Company, from its base in Bombay, intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, on behalf
The last Peshwa, Nana Sahib, born as Govind Dhondu Pant, was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He was one o
Today the spirit of the Maratha Empire is preserved in the Indian state of Maharashtra, "Great Nation", which was create
Legacy of the Empire
Ruins of the Raigad fort, which served as a capital for Maratha Empire
Often painted as a kind of loose military organization, the Maratha empire was actually revolutionary in nature. It brought
From its onset, Religious tolerance and religious pluralism were important pillars of the nation-state since they were fund The Maratha Empire was unique in that it did not adhere to the caste system. Here, the Brahmins (Peshwe) were the pri Since its start, many people of talent were brought into the leadership of the Maratha Empire which made it one of the m The Marathas militarily controlled huge tracts. Their policy of religious tolerance gave equal importance to Hindu interest The empire also created a significant navy. At its height this was led by the legendary Kanhoji Angre.
Maratha rulers
The Royal House of Chhatrapati Shivaji
See also Bhosale family ancestry
Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680) Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1657-1689)
Chhatrapati Rajaram (1670-1700) Queen Tarabai Chhatrapati Shahu (alias Shivaji II, son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji) Chhatrapati Ramaraja (nominally, grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram and Queen Tarabai))
The Royal House of Kolhapur
Queen Tarabai (wife of Chhatrapati Rajaram) in the name of her son Shivaji II Chhatrapati Sambhaji (son of Chhatrapati [Rajaram] from his second wife) Chhatrapati Shahu IV of Kolhapur
Peshwa
Sonopant Dabir (1640-1674) Moropant Trimbak Pingle (1674-1683) Moreshwar Pingale (1683-1689) Ramchandra Pant Amatya (1689-1708) Bahiroji Pingale (1708-1711) Parshuram Tribak Kulkarni(Pant Pratinidhi) (1711-1713)
Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720) Baji Rao I (1720-1740) (son of Balaji Vishwanath) Balaji Bajirao (son of Bajirao I) Peshwa Madhavrao (2nd son of Balaji Bajirao) Narayanrao Peshwa (3rd son of Balaji Bajirao) Raghunathrao Peshwa (brother of Balaji Bajirao) Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa (son of Narayanrao) Chimnajee Madhavarao (26 May 1796 - 6 Dec 1796) (brother of Bajirao II, adopted by Madhavrao II's wife) Bajirao II (son of Raghunathrao) Amritrao (Brother of Bajirao II), Peshwa for a short period during Yashwantrao Holkar's rule on Pune. Bajirao wa Nana Sahib Peshwa the second (adopted son of Bajirao II)
Maharajas……
ji I (leader from 1655, Maharaja 1674-1680) haji I (1680-1689). Eldest son of Shivaji I. am (1689-1700). Younger son of Shivaji I. ai (regent 1700-1708). Wife of Rajaram. I (1708-1749). Son of Sambhaji I. raja (1749-1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Sha II (1777-1808). Son of Ramaraja. psinh (1808-1839) ji III (1839-1848) to Great Britain psinh I (adopted) psinh II hahu (1918 - 1950) praje (1950-1978) nraje Bhonsle (1978 till present)
atta) or the Maratha 18. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia.
peror Aurangzeb, the local king Shivaji founded an independent Maratha kingdom in 1674 with Raigad as its capital. Shivaji died in 1680, le
Baji Rao I. Losses at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 suspended further expansion of the empire and reduced the power of the Peshwa
rtion of the Deccan plateau, where the plateau meets the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats mountains. They had resisted incursions in
le by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable
r among the courtiers. He was a poet, great politician and a great warrior. In 1681, Sambhaji had himself crowned and resumed his father' live if he surrendered all the Maratha forts, turn over all his hidden treasures,disclose the names of all the Mughal officers who had helped
oved the capital, came under siege in 1700 and eventually was surrendered to the Mughals. At about the same time Rajaram died. His wid sition on the Indian subcontinent forever and the subsequent Mughal Emperors became titular kings. The Marathas emerged as victorious
hivaji), was released by Bahadur Shah, the next Mughal emperor under conditions which rendered him a vassal of the Mughal emperor bu
nded heavily on two brothers, known as the Saiyids, one of whom had been the governor of Allahabad and the other the governor of Patna
lhi unopposed and managed to depose the emperor. In return for th is help, Balaji Vishwanath managed to negotiate a substantial treaty. S
s of a local Kulkarni to the ranks of Ashtapradhan under guidance and support of Shivaji Maharaj. He was one of the prominent Peshwas fr
mat Panha" (King Status) to Pant before leaving. Ramchandra Pant managed the entire state under many challenges like influx of Moguls
aji Jadhav. On many occasions he himself participated in battles against Mughals and played the role of shadow king in absence of Chatra
ered this post to his wife to Tarabai. Tarabai gave important position to Pant among senior administration of Maratha State. He wrote "Adny
atraps), he was sidelined after arrival of Shahuji in 1707. The post of the state Peshwa was given to Balaji Vishwanath in 1713. Ramchandr
hwa by Chattrapati Shahuji, one of the most lenient emperors. Shahuji possessed a strong capacity for recognising talent, and actually cau
Baji Rao I, was a noted general who served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fourth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu between 1719
e period between 1741 and 1745 was one of comparative calm in the Deccan. Shahuji died in 1749.
d improvement in the state of the territory. Continued expansion saw Raghunath Rao, the brother of Nanasaheb, pushing into Punjab in the
cluded Rohillas, Shujah-ud-dowlah, Nujeeb-ud-dowlah, and the Maratha army was decisively defeated on January 14, 1761 at the Third B rase "meet your Waterloo" does in English.
frail health. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, semi-autonomy was given to strongest of the knights. Thus, the autonomous M
ssion struggle in Pune, on behalf of Raghunathrao (also called Raghobadada), which became the First Anglo-Maratha War. That ended in
eshwa Baji Rao II. He was one of the main leaders of the 1857 battles against British rule. He encouraged the people and the Indian Prince
"Great Nation", which was created in 1960 as a Marathi-speaking state. The territories of Baroda were combined with Kutch to form the sta
revolutionary in nature. It brought certain fundamental changes initiated by the genius of its founder, the celebrated Shivaji. They can be su
nation-state since they were fundamental beliefs of Shivaji, the founder of the empire. Brahmins (Peshwe) were the prime ministers of the Kshatriya (Maratha) emperors and Kshatriya Dhangar (Holkars) were the trusted gene mpire which made it one of the most socially mobile regimes. Note that the ruler of Indore was a Dhangar, a Shepherd; the rulers of Gwali qual importance to Hindu interests and acted as an important back-pressure against the expanding Mughal influence. Today's partitioned In anhoji Angre.
by Madhavrao II's wife) lkar's rule on Pune. Bajirao was later reinstated by the British.
ed son of Shahu I.
ital. Shivaji died in 1680, leaving a large, but vulnerabl y located kingdom. The Mughals invaded, fighting an unsuccessful 25 year long wa
d the power of the Peshwas. In 1761, after severe losses in th e Panipat war, the Peshwas lost control of the Kingdom. Many sardars like S
had resisted incursions into the region by the Muslim Mughal r ulers of northern India. Under their leader Shivaji Maharaj, the Marathas fre
d and resumed his father's expansionist policies. Sambhaji h ad earlier defeated the Portuguese and Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore. To nu
l officers who had helped him and embrace Islam. Samb haji refused, and instead sang praises of Mahadev (Lord Shiva). Aurangzeb orde
time Rajaram died. His widow, Tarabai, assumed control in the name of her son Shahuji. Although she offered a truce, this was rejected b
as emerged as victorious after a long drawn-out and fiercely-f ought battle. The soldiers and commanders who participated in this war ach
of the Mughal emperor but his mother was still held captive to e nsure good behaviour from Shahuji. He immediately claimed the Maratha
ther the governor of Patna. However, the brothers had a falling- out with the emperor. Negotiations between the Saiyids and Peshwa Bala iate a substantial treaty. Shahuji would have to accept Mughal rule in the Deccan, furnish forces for the imperial ar my, and pay an annual
the prominent Peshwas from the time of Shivaji, prior to the ris e of the later Peshwas who controlled the empire after Shahuji.
nges like influx of Moguls, betrayal from Vatandars (local satra ps under the Maratha kingdom) and social challenges like scarcity of food. king in absence of Chatrapati Rajaram.
atha State. He wrote "Adnyapatra" मराठी: आजापञ who have explained different techniques of war, maintenance of forts and administration e anath in 1713. Ramchandra Pant died in 1716 on Panhala f ort.
ing talent, and actually caused a social revolution by bri nging capable people into power irrespective of their social status. This was an ind
ror) Shahu between 1719 until Baji Rao's death. He is also know n as Thorala (Marathi for Elder) Baji Rao. Like his father, despite being a
, pushing into Punjab in the wake of the Afghan withdrawal after Ahmed Shah Abdali's plunder of Delhi in 1756. In Lahore, as in Delhi, the
ry 14, 1761 at the Third Battle of Panipat. The Marathas were ab andoned by Suraj Mal and Rajputs who quit the Maratha alliance at a de
. Thus, the autonomous Maratha states of the Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore & Malwa, the Scindias (or Shinde's) of Gwalior
aratha War. That ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-wa r status quo. In 1802 the British intervened in Baroda to support the heir to
ople and the Indian Princes to fight against the British. Tanty a Tope, his general, led the war and struck terror into the hearts of the British
with Kutch to form the state of Gujarat. Gwalior and Indo re were merged with Madhya Pradesh, Jhansi with Uttar Pradesh. Vestiges of M
ed Shivaji. They can be summarized as below:
ars) were the trusted generals of the Brahmin Peshwas. pherd; the rulers of Gwalior and Baroda were from ordinary peasant families; the Peshwas of the Bhatt family were from ordinary backgrou nce. Today's partitioned India is substantially the area of the Maratha confederacy.
uccessful 25 year long war from 1682 to 1707. Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji, ruled as emperor until 1749. During his reign, Shahu appointe
gdom. Many sardars like Shinde, Holkar, Gaikwad, PantPratinidhi, Bhosale of Nagpur, Pandit of Bhor, Patwardhan, and Newalkar becam
i Maharaj, the Marathas freed themselves from the Muslim sultans of Bijapur to the southeast, and became much more aggressive and beg
va Raya of Mysore. To nullify any Rajput-Maratha alliance, as well as all Deccan Sultanates, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb himself head
rd Shiva). Aurangzeb ordered him and Kavi Kalash to be tortured to death. Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were brutally tortured for over a fortn
a truce, this was rejected by the emperor. Then Tarabai heroically led the Marathas against the Mughals; by 1705, they had crossed the Na
articipated in this war achieved the real expansion of the Maratha empire. The victory also set the foundations for the imperial conquests a
iately claimed the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. This promptly turned the now-spluttering Mughal-Maratha w Saiyids and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, a civilian representative of Shahu, drew the Marathas into the vendetta against the emperor.
r my, and pay an annual tribute. But in return he received a firman, or imperial directive, guaranteeing him Swaraj, or independence, in the
e after Shahuji.
enges like scarcity of food. With the help of Pantpratinidhi, Sachiv, he kept the economic condition of Maratha empire in an appropriate stat
f forts and administration etc.
ial status. This was an indication of a great social mobility within the Maratha empire, enabling its rapid expansion. his father, despite being a Brahmin, he took up leading his troops. During his lifetime, he never lost a battle. He is credited with expanding
In Lahore, as in Delhi, the Marathas were now major players. By 1760, with defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan, Maratha power had reache
e Maratha alliance at a decisive moment leading to the great battle. Their supply chains cut off, the Marathas attacked the Afghans in an a
s (or Shinde's) of Gwalior (and Ujjain), Pawars of Udgir and Bhonsales of Nagpur (no blood relation with Shivaji's or Tarabai's family) cam
roda to support the heir to the throne against rival claimants, and they signed a treaty with the new Maharaja recognizing his independenc
nto the hearts of the British. Rani Lakshmibai was his childhood playmate and he had brotherly relations with her. Both of them fought agai
tar Pradesh. Vestiges of Maratha control over Delhi can still be found in Old Delhi in area surrounding the "Nutan Marathi" school and Maha
ere from ordinary backgrounds; and Shivaji's most trusted secretary Haider Ali Kohari was from an ordinary family. All the groups of the Ma
g his reign, Shahu appointed a Peshwa (prime minister) as head of government under certain conditions. After the death of Shahu, the Pe
an, and Newalkar became kings in their respective regions. The empire gave way to a loose Confederacy, with political power resting in a
h more aggressive and began to frequently raid Mughal territory, ransacking the Mughal port of Surat in 1664. Shivaji Maharaj proclaimed
or Aurangzeb himself headed south in 1682. With his entire imperial court, administration, and an army of about 400,000 troops he procee
ally tortured for over a fortnight. The torture involved plucking out their eyes and tongue and pulling out their nails. The later part involved o
, they had crossed the Narmada River and entered Malwa, then in Mughal possession. r the imperial conquests achieved later, under the Peshwas.
luttering Mughal-Maratha war into a three-cornered affair. The states of Satara and Kolhapur came into being in 1707, because of the suc against the emperor.
raj, or independence, in the Maratha homeland, plus rights to chauth and sardeshmukh (amounting to 35 percent of the total revenue) thro
pire in an appropriate state.
s credited with expanding the Maratha Empire created by its founder,Chh.Shivaji maharaj, wh ich reached its zenith twenty years after his
aratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 250 million acres (1 million km²) or one-third of the Indian sub-continent.
acked the Afghans in an act of desperation as their forces had not had a meal in three days. The d efeat at Paniput checked Maratha expa
's or Tarabai's family) came into being in far flung regions of the empire. Even in the Mah arashtra itself many knights were given semi-auto
ognizing his independence from the Maratha empire in return for his acknowledgement of Briti sh paramountcy. In the Second Anglo-Mara . Both of them fought against the British. He encouraged Indian soldiers to rise against th e British. Though he was defeated in this war of Marathi" school and Maharashtra Bhavan.
ily. All the groups of the Maharashtrian society like CKP, SKP, Vaishyas, Bhandaris, Brahmins, Kolis, Dhangars, Marathas and Saraswats
e death of Shahu, the Peshwas became the de facto leaders of the Empire from 1749 to 1761, while Shivaji's successors continued as no political power resting in a 'pentarchy' of five mostly Maratha dynasties: the Peshwas of Pune; the Sindhias (originally "Shindes") of Malwa
hivaji Maharaj proclaimed himself emperor taking the title (Chhatrapati) in 1674. The Marathas had spread and conquered some of central
400,000 troops he proceeded to conquer the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. During the eight years that followed, Sambhaji led the Ma
ls. The later part involved of removing their skin. On March 11, 1689, Sambhaji was finally killed, reportedly by tearing him apart from the fro
1707, because of the succession dispute over the Maratha kingship. By 1710 two separate principalities had become an established fact,
of the total revenue) throughout Guj arat, Malwa, and the now six provinces of the Mughal Deccan. This treaty also released Yesubai, Sha
nith twenty years after his death. Baji Rao is thus acknowledged as the most famous of the nine Peshwas.
Indian sub-continent.
put checked Maratha expansion and fragmented the empire. After the battle, the Maratha Confederacy never fought again as one unit. Del
ights were given semi-autonomous charges of small districts which led to princely states like Sangli, Aundh,Bhor,Bawda,Jat,Phaltan, Miraj
In the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805), the Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a similar treaty. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) as defeated in this war of independence he is viewed as a glorious patriot in Indian history.
Marathas and Saraswats were well-represented in the Empire. [2]
ccessors continued as nominal rulers from their base in Satara. Covering a large part of the subcontinent, the Maratha Empire kept the Bri
inally "Shindes") of Malwa and Gwalior; the Holkars of Indore; the Bhonsles of Nagpur; and the Gaekwads of Baroda. A rivalry between th
onquered some of central India by Shivaji Maharaja's death in 1680, but later lost it to the Mughals and the British. According to Indian hist
owed, Sambhaji led the Marathas, never losing a battle or a fort to Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb had almost lost the battle. In early 1689, Sambh aring him apart from the front and back with 'Wagh Nakhe (Tiger claws, a kind of weapon), and was beheaded with an axe . This grievous
come an established fact, eventually confirmed by the Treaty of Warna in 1731.
lso released Yesubai, Shahuji's mother, from Mughal prison.
ght again as one unit. Delhi/Agra was controlled by Mahadji Shinde from Gwalior, Central India was controlled by Holkars from Indore an d
,Bawda,Jat,Phaltan, Miraj etc.
Maratha War (1817-1818), a last-ditch effort to regain sovereignty, resulted in the loss of Maratha independence: it left Britain i n control o
aratha Empire kept the British forces at bay during the 18th century, until dissensi on between the Peshwas and their sardars, or army com
roda. A rivalry between the Sindhia and Holkar dominated the confederation's affairs into the early 19th century, as did the clashes with the
h. According to Indian historian Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar, Shivaji Maharaj was inspired by the great Vijayanagara Empire, a bulwark
attle. In early 1689, Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at Sangameshwar. In a meticulously planned operation, Gano ith an axe . This grievous death was given to him at Vadhu on the banks of Bhima river, near Pune.
y Holkars from Indore an d Western India was controlled by Gaikwad's from Baroda.
: it left Britain i n control of most of India. The Peshwa was exiled to Bithoor (near Kanpur, U.P.) as a pensioner of the British. The Maratha
their sardars, or army commanders, tore at their cohesion. as did the clashes with the British and the British East India Company in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War,
nagara Empire, a bulwark against Muslim invasion of South India. The victories of the then king of Mysore, Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeya
planned operation, Ganoji Shirke and Aurangzeb's commander, Mukarrab Khan attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was about to le
f the British. The Maratha heartland of Desh, including Pune, came under direct British rule, with the exception of the states of Kolhapur an
hird Anglo-Maratha War, the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in 1818. Most of the former Maratha Empire was absor
hirava Narasaraja Wodeyar against the Sultan of Bijapur also inspired Shivaji Maharaj [1]. As per legend, Shivaji Maharaj was the first king
Sambhaji was about to leave the town. A small ambush followed and Sambhaji was captured by Mughal troops on 1 Feb, 1689. He and h
f the states of Kolhapur and Satara, which re tained local Maratha rulers. The Maratha-ruled states of Gwalior, Indore, and Nagpur all lost
aratha Empire was absorbed by British India, although some of the Maratha states persisted as quasi-independent prin cely states until Ind
i Maharaj was the first king in India whose vision encompassed the dev (god), desh (country) and dharma (religion).
s on 1 Feb, 1689. He and his advisor, Kavi Kalash were taken to Bahadurgad. Aurangzeb humiliated them by parading them wearing clown
ndore, and Nagpur all lost territory, and came under subordinate alliance with the British Raj as princely states that retained internal sovere
nt prin cely states until India became independent in 1947.
rading them wearing clown's clothes. Later, Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were tied upside down to camels with Mughal soldiers throwing ston
at retained internal sovereignty under British 'paramountcy'. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British
ghal soldiers throwing stones, mud, and cow dung at them.
retained under the British Raj as well.
Maratha rulers
The Royal House of Chhatrapati Shivaji
Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680) Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1657-1689) Chhatrapati Rajaram (1670-1700) Chhatrapati Chatrapati Sambhaji, ) Chhatrapati Ramaraja (nominally, grandson of Chatrapati Rajaram - Que
The Royal House of Kolhapur
Queen Tarabai (wife of Chatrapati Rajaram) Chatrapati Sambhaji (son of Chatrapati Rajaram from second wife) Chh
Peshwa
Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao the first (brother Chimaji-appa) Balaji Bajirao (brother Raghunathrao, Cousin Sadashivra brother Vishwasrao) Narayanrao Peshwa (younger brother of Madhavrao, murdered by uncle) Raghunathrao Peshw named "Barbhai" conspiracy) Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa (son of Narayanrao) Bajirao the second (son of Raghunathr the second, for a short period during Yashwantrao holkar's siege of Pune, Bajirao reinstated by British later) Nana S Bajirao the second, lived in Uttar Pradesh in exile)
(1670-1700) Chhatrapati Shahu (alias Shivaji II, Son of Chatrapati Rajaram - Queen Tarabai)
ram from second wife) Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj
athrao, Cousin Sadashivrao-bhau) Peshwa Madhavrao (elder ncle) Raghunathrao Peshwa (uncle of Narayanrao, ousted in coup econd (son of Raghunathrao) Amritrao Peshwa (brother of Bajirao ed by British later) Nana Sahib Peashwa the second (adopted son of
Bhonsle
The Bhosle or Bhosale (pronounced Bhoslay) were a prominent Maratha clan who served as rulers of several states in India .
The most prominent member of the clan was Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire. His successors ruled as maharajas fro
In addition to the Bhonsle Maharajas of Satara, rulers of the Bhonsle clan established themselves at Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu i
After the British defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the Marathas were forced to accept British rule
Flag of the Maratha Bhosale/Bhonsle
Lineage: Suryavansh or Solar clan Original kingdom: Mainawati, Tuljapur, Raygad fort (Raigad) and Burhanpur Current kingdoms: Kolhapur, Satara, Nagpur Akalkot and Thanjavur. Colour of throne, canopy, sign (Nishan), and Horse (Varu): Bhagwa (Ochre), *Heraldic sign (Nishan): Rudra on flagpole Clan goddess: Jagdamba Bhavani, Tulja Bhavani, chittoud Bhavani, *Clan godd: Eklingji, Bada Mahadeo of shikhar shingna Guru: Shankkayan, *Gotra: Kaushika, *Veda: Rigveda *Mantra: Gayatri mantra
Surnames:Aher, Awatar, Ubale, Aadhale, Bhondve, Desale, Dhole, Kacchawah, Kalse, Kanse, Kanase, Kadoo, Kharade, G [edit] Notable Bhosale Subclans Ghorpade Kharade Desale Shisode Sawant
Maharajas of Satara Shivaji I (leader from 1655, Maharaja 1674-1680) Sambhaji I (1680-1689). Eldest son of Shivaji I. Rajaram (1689-1700). Younger son of Shivaji I. Tarabai (regent 1700-1708). Wife of Rajaram.
Shahu I (1708-1749). Son of Sambhaji I. Ramaraja (1749-1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I. Shahu II (1777-1808). Son of Ramaraja. Pratapsinh (1808-1839) Shahaji III (1839-1848) 1848 to Great Britain Pratapsinh I (adopted) Rajaram III Pratapsinh II Raja Shahu (1918 - 1950) Pratapraje (1950-1978) Udayanraje Bhonsle (1978 till present)
[edit] Maharajas of Thanjavur Venkaji (1674-1686) Shahji (1686-1711) Sarabhoji I (1711-1727) Tukoji (1727-1735) Bava Sahib (1735-1736) Maharani Sujana Bai (1736-1738) Sawai Shahji (1738) Sayaji (1738-1739) Pratap Singh (1739-1763) Tusalji (1763-1787) Amar Singh (1787-1798) Sarabhoji II (1798-1824) Shivaji (1824-1855) 1855 to Great Britain [edit] Maharajas of Kolhapur Shivaji I (1700-1712) Shambhoji (1712-1760) Sivaji II (1760-1812) (adopted from the family of Khanwilkar) Shambhu (1812-1821) Shahoji I (1821-1837) Shivaji III (1837-1866) Rajaram I (1866-1870) (adopted from the family of Patankar) Shivaji IV (1870-1883) Shahu IV (1883-1922) (adopted from the family of Ghatge) Rajaram II (1922-1940) British rule (1940-1942) Shivaji V (1942-1947) Shahoji II (1947-1949), titular Maharaja 1949-1983 (adopted from the family of Pawar) 1948 to India Shahu II as titular Maharaja (1983-present)
[edit] Maharajas of Nagpur Raghoji I (1738-1755) Janoji (1755-1772) Mudhoji I (1772-1788) Raghoji II (1788-1816) Mudhoji II (1816-1818) Raghoji III (1818-1853) 1853 to Great Britain
e the Bhonsle of Satara and Kolhapur were descended from Sivaji's sons, Sambhaji and Rajaram.
atara came under direct British rule in the mid-nineteenth century when their rulers died without male heirs; Kolhapur continued as a princ
r, Pedgaonkar, Shisode, Sawant, Bhosale, Hivrale, Sarupye, kotwal(Total 37)
apur continued as a princely state until India's independence in 1947, when the rulers acce ded to the Indian government.
Shrimant Shivaji Shahaji Raje Bhonsle
Chatrapati Shivaji was the famous Maratha king who had the utmost courage to stand against the vast ocean of Mughal rule, s
Although his original name was Shivaji Bhosle, his subjects lovingly gave him the title of 'Chatrapati' or the 'Chief of the Kshat
Born on 19th February 1630 at the Shivneri Fort to a valiant Maratha regent Shahaji Raje and a dedicated mother Jijabai, Shiv
A young boy of 16 is not known to win battles, but his mother's teachings, father's struggle and a pride in the motherland gav
as an able warrior and leader with the seizure of the Torna Fort which was initially under the Bijapur Kingdom. With this recog
His major breakthrough came with Battle of Pratapgarh against Afzal Khan, the general of the Sultanate of Bijapur, which mad
He won it through sheer planning, speed and excellent generalship. This was followed by many other battles against the Sulta
Battle of Pavan Khind, Battle of Vishaalgad and others.Chatrapati Shivaji is most famous for his valor to challenge t
Although Emperor Aurangzeb tried to capture all the forts and territories under Shivaji he could not achieve much success d
But a temporary pause was put in Shivaji's successful ventures by the brave Hindu General Jai Singh, sent by the e Mughal Emperor and what followed is popularly known in history as Shivaji's trip to and astonishing escape from Ag Although after this incident, Shivaji remained dormant for sometime, he rose yet again against the Mughals in the ye
Shivaji Bhosle
Chhatrapati
Reign
1664 - 1680 Coronation June 6, 1674 Full name Shivaji Shahaji Bhosle Titles Kshatriya Kulavantas,GoBramhan Pratipalak Born February 19, 1630 Birthplace Shivneri Fort, near Pune, India Died April 3, 1680 (aged 50) Place of death Raigad Fort Successor
Sambhaji Sai bai Soyarabai
Putalabai Kashibai Sagunabai Manjulabai Sakavaarbai Gunvantibai[1][2] Sambhaji, Rajaram, and six daughters
Wives
Offspring Father Mother Religious beliefs
Shahaji Jijabai Hinduism
Shivaji Bhosle (Born:February 19, 1630, Died: April 3, 1680), commonly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Shivaji’s ideology of Hindavi Swaraj and subsequent expansion of the Maratha Empire, was partly responsible for re Shivaji established and set up a competent civil rule with the help of well regulated and disciplined military and well
A large portion of his kingdom was a coastline and he secured it with a potent navy under his commander Angre. He
[edit] Early life [edit] Birth
Graphics 17
Shivaji was the youngest son of Shahaji and Jijabai Bhosle. Shivaji's birth date was a matter of controversy but rece
Shahaji Bhosle - Shivaji's father - was the eldest son of Maloji Bhosale of Verul (present day Ellora, Maharastra). M
Shahaji continuing the lead of his father played an important role in various Deccan wars. He began service with the He sent Jijabai off to the safety of Shivneri fort which was under his control. It was here at Shivneri that Shivaji was
After this episode Ahmednagar fell to the Moghul emperor Shah Jahan, and shortly thereafter Shahji as Nizam's Ge [edit] Foundation of empire
Chhattrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle, founder of the Maratha Empire.
Shahaji appointed young Shivaji, under the care of his mother Jijabai to manage the Pune holdings. A small council
Shivaji Statue in Mumbai
His mother made an indelible impression on him with her teachings, with her love for the homeland and its people. S
Furthermore, his mother, having lost her father and three brothers to a treacherous plot hatched by the regional king
Her piety and commitment to indigenous culture and her recounting of tales from the great Indian epics of Mahabha
Shahaji's vision, and Jijabai's teachings and motivation, and the able training by military commanders such as Gom [edit] Confrontation with the Regional Sultanates
At the age of 17 Shivaji carried out his first military action by attacking and capturing Torna Fort of the Bijapur kingd
By 1654 Shivaji had captured forts in the Western Ghats and along the Konkan coast. In a bid to sabotage this mov
[edit] Battle of Pratapgarh/ Pratapgad
Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh
Afzal Khan, after leaving Bijapur to confront Shivaji, first desecrated the temples of goddess Bhavani in Tuljapur and
Wagh nakh
Shivaji, armed himself with a weapon called wagh nakh (tiger claw), and chilkhat (armour) prior to the meeting.Afzal
In the ensuing battle of Pratapgarh in the dense forests, which was fought on November 30, 1659, Shivaji's armies a
Immediately after slaying Afzal Khan, Shivaji galloped up the slope towards the fortress with his lieutenants and ord
Maratha troops commanded by Shivaji's captain Kanhoji Jedhe, swept down on Afzal Khan's 1,500 musketeers; res
Meanwhile, Moropant led the Maratha infantry toward the left flank of the main portion of Adilshahi troops. The sudd
The Maratha cavalry under Netaji Palkar pursued the retreating Adilshahi forces, who were attempting to join up wit
This great and complete victory made Shivaji a hero of Maratha folklore and a legendary figure among his people. T
Subsequently, the Sultan of Bijapur sent an elite Pashtun army comprised mainly of Afghani mercenaries to subdue The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, now identified Shivaji as a major threat to the mighty Mughal Empire. [edit] Battle of Kolhapur
Main article: Battle of Kolhapur
To counter the loss at Pratapgad and to defeat the newly emerging Maratha power, another army, this time number
This victory alarmed the mighty Mughal empire who now derisively called Shivaji "Mountain Rat" . Aurangzeb the M [edit] Battle of Pavan Khind Main article: Battle of Vishalgarh
In 1660, Adil Shah, once again sent Siddi Johar an accomplished general to put down Shivaji. He ordered his large
At that time Shivaji was camped at the Panhala fort with a small part of his army, near present day Kolhapur, on the
Shivaji sent misleading messages to Siddi Johar indicating that he was willing to negotiate and was looking for acco
Sensing that enemy cavalry was fast closing in on them Shivaji sought to avoid defeat and capture. Baji Prabhu Des
In the ensuing battle of Pavan Khind, Baji Prabhu Deshpande fought relentlessly. He was almost fatally wounded bu
Thereafter a truce was made between Shivaji and Adilshahi through Shahaji, acknowledging and formally recognizin
Ghod Khind (khind = " a narrow mountain pass") was renamed Pavan Khind (Sacred Pass) in honor of Bajiprabhu D
This remained the situation until the death of Shahaji. Henceforth the Marathas became a formal and recognized po
[edit] Clash with the Mughals [edit] Shaista Khan
In January, 1660, Aurangzeb sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, with a large army to defeat Shivaji. He was an e
Shaista Khan, seized Pune and the nearby fort of Chakan. Although he held Pune for almost a year, he had little fur
Shaista Khan kept the security in Pune very tight. Shivaji planned a daring attack on Shaista Khan amidst tight secu
After overpowering and slaying the palace guards, the Marathas broke into the mansion by breaking through a wall.
Within twenty-four hours of this daring attack, Amir-ul-Umra, Shaista Khan left Pune and headed North towards Agr
[edit] Surat and Mirza Raja Jai Singh
In 1664 Shivaji invaded Surat, an important and wealthy Mughal trading city, and looted it to replenish his now deple
Aurangzeb was enraged and sent Mirza Raja Jai Singh I, with an army numbering well over 100,000 to defeat Shiva
[edit] Trip To Agra and Escape
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to agra, along with his six year old son Sambhaji, on the occasion of his fiftie
From his spies, Shivaji learned that Aurangzeb planned to shift him to Raja Vitthaldas's Haveli and then to possibly
After several days and weeks of sending out boxes containing sweets, Shivaji hid himself in one of the boxes and m
Dr. Ajit Joshi in a book Agryahun Sutka, concluded that Shivaji likely disguised himself as a Brahmin priest after per
[edit] Preparing for War
In the years 1667-69, Shivaji adopted a low profile and began to aggressively build up his army. His army now conta
[edit] Battle of Sinhagad
Kondana fort, on the outskirts of Pune, was still under Mughal control. Uday Bhan Rathod, the fort keeper, led an a
Tanaji Malusare surveyed the fort and its defenses for some days. The fort was extremely well guarded. One very s As the advance party reached the top, they threw ropes for others to climb. Meanwhile Tanaji's brother
Tanaji and Uday Bhan came face to face and a fierce fight ensued. Uday Bhan broke Tanaji`s Dhal [Defence shield
When Shivaji reached the fort after the victory, he was deeply bereaved by the loss of his good friend Tanaji. He sad
[edit] Coronation
Shivaji was formally crowned Chhatrapati (Chief, or King of Kshatriyas), on June 6, 1674 at Raigad fort, and given t
He was bestowed with the Jaanva, (in Hindi the Janeu the sacred thread), with the Vedas and was bathed in an abi
Shivaji then was conferred with the title of "shakkarta". He started his own calendar. A few days later a second cere
[edit] Rule
Shivaji was an able and competent administrator and established a government that included such modern concept
Shivaji is well known for his benevolent attitude towards his subjects. He believed that there was a close bond betw He laid the foundations of the modern Marathi identity and infused it with strong martial and moral traditions.
Shivaji successfully lead and marshalled his forces to cope and overcome several major enemy invasions of his terr He was an innovator and an able commander, he successfully used effective tactics including hit-and-run, strategic
Toward the end of his reign he had built up the Maratha forces to be over one hundred thousand strong, and was ab
Shivaji's kingdom served as a Hindu bulwark against Islamic powers within India. His brilliant strategic and tactical m
[edit] Character
During his long military career and his many campaigns his strong religious and warrior code of ethics, exemplary c
Shivaji was once offered as a war booty an extremely beautiful young lady, by an uninformed Maratha captain. She
He boldly risked his life, his treasure and his personal well being and that of his family, to openly challenge his imme
He did not spend any resources on projects designed for self-aggrandizement or vanity, instead he was propeled by
Shivaji did not believe in being treated as a royalty, in fact he mingled freely with his subjects to spend time with the
Shivaji struck a deep chord with his followers and the citizenary. And the high level of admiration and respect he ear
[edit] Revolution in military organisation
M.V. Dhurandhar's painting of Shivaji.
Shivaji's genius is most evident in his military organisation which lasted till the demise of the Maratha empire. He wa
A standing army belonging to the state called paga; All war horses belonged to the state; responsibility for their upkeep rested on the Soveriegn. Creation of part time soldiers from peasants who worked for eight months in the field and supported four months i Highly mobile and light infantry and cavalry were his innovations and they excelled in commando tactics; The introduction of an centralized intelligence department, a potent navy, and regular chain-of-command; Introduction of field craft viz. Guerrilla warfare, commando actions, swift flanking attacks; Innovation of weapons and firepower, innovative use of traditional weapons like tiger claw or 'Baghnakh'. 'Vita' wa Militarisation of almost the entire society, including all classes, with the entire peasant population of settlements a
[edit] Father of Indian Navy
Shivaji realized the importance of having a secure coastline and protecting the western Konkan coastline from the a
[edit] Forts
Main article: Shivaji's Forts
Pratap Gad
Shivaji constructed a chain of 300 or more forts running over a thousand kilometres across the rugged Western Gha
[edit] Promotion of Sanskrit
The house of Shivaji was one of the Indian royal families who were well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted it. T
Shivaji continued this trait and developed it further. He named his forts as Sindhdurg, Prachandgarh, Suvarndurg et
After his death Sambhaji, who was himself a Sanskrit scholar (his verse - Budhbhushanam), continued it. His grand
Sambhaji issued one danapatra (donation plaque) which is in Sanskrit composed by himself in which he writes abou
1. Yavanarambha gritat mlechakshaydiksha: It means - Shivaji had taken a sacred oath and was on mission to de 2. Dillindraman pradhvanspatu: One who has defeated the Mughal Emperor of Delhi 3. Vijayapuradhishwar prathtarmanya bhujchachayay: One whose help was sought by Adilshahi King of Vijaypur[cit
[edit] Religion
As per legend, the family deity of the Bhosle's, goddess Bhavani gave a divine sword to Shivaji.
Shivaji made available to Ramdas a fort named Parali Fort to establish his permanent monastery there. The fort wa
Chhatrapati Shivaji was a devout Hindu and he respected all religions within the region. Shivaji had great respect fo
He also visited Mouni Maharaj temple and Samadhi at Patgaon (Bhudargad Taluka near to Gargoti) in Kolhapur dis
Shivaji allowed his subjects freedom of religion and opposed forced conversion. [19] The first thing Shivaji did after a
Shivaji had respect for the Sufi tradition of Islam. [20] Shivaji used to pray at the mausoleum of the great Sufi Muslim His Mavala army's war cry was 'Haar Haar Mahadev' (Hail Lord Shiva).
He commanded the respect and fealty of the muslims under his command by his fair treatment of his friends as well Kafi Khan, the Mughal historian and Bernier, a French traveler, spoke highly of his religious policy. He also brought
Shivaji applied a humane and liberal policy to the women of his state.[20] There are many instances in folklore, whic
Shivaji's sentiments of inclusivity and tolerance of other religions can be seen in an admonishing letter to Aurangzeb "Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours
[edit] Southern expedition
Towards the end of 1676, Shivaji defeated and captured the forts at Vellore and Gingee near Bijapur, Karnataka, m
[edit] Death and succession
It is said that he died due to contracting a disease Bloody Flux, [citation needed] Intestinal anthrax
Ruins of the Raigad Fort, which served as a capital for Maratha Empire.
A few months after Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb's son, Prince Akbar, rebelled against his father and was sheltered by
The indomitable Marathas adapted very well to the huge but slow moving Mughal menace and fought Aurangzeb to
Eventually a broken, defeated Aurangzeb retreated in sickness from the Deccan in 1705. The final Mughal withdraw
Sir Jadunath Sarkar, a noted Indian historian and scholar, estimated that about 500,000 Mughal soldiers and 200,00
[edit] Legacy
A statue of Shivaji in the Birla Mandir, Delhi
Because of his struggle against an imperial power, Shivaji became an icon of freedom fighters in the Indian indepen
School texts in Maharashtra describe Shivaji's rule as heroic, exemplary and inspiring and he is considered the foun A sectarian political party, the Shiv Sena, claims to draw inspiration from Shivaji.
The World Heritage site of Victoria Terminus and Sahar International Airport in Mumbai were renamed Chatrapati S The School of Naval Engineering of the Indian Navy is named as INS Shivaji. [edit] Literature and Movies Main Article: List of movies on Shivaji
Shivaji is a source of inspiration for a number of artists, directors, actors, writers, shahir (ballad composer), poets an
Sriman yogi is a novel written on Shivaji's life by Ranjit Desai. Raja Shivachhatrapati is a biography authored by Bab
Marathi playwright Vasant Kanetkar wrote 'Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete' (When Raigad awakes), a play based on the
Star Pravah- the Marathi channel of Star India Network now has a multi-crore TV serial Raja ShivChhatrapati on the
Mee Shivaji Raje Bhosle Boltoy is a yet-to-be launched Marathi film which tries to convey how Shivaji would have re [edit] Associates Some of Shivaji's close associates were also his primary army chieftains, and have entered folklore along with him. Antaji Konde-Deshmukh Baji Jedhe Baji Pasalkar Baji Prabhu Deshpande Balaji Avji Chitre Bapuji Mudgal Deshpande Chimanaji Deshpande Dhanajirao Jadhavrao Firangoji Narsala Fullaji Prabhu Deshpande Gangadhar Pant Gomaji Naik Haider Ali Kohari Hambirrao Mohite Hiroji Farjad Jiva Mahala Kanhoji Jedhe Deshmukh
Keso Narayan Deshpande Kondaji Farjand Lay Patil Koli Murarbaji Deshpande Nanaji Deshpande Neelkanthrao Surnaik Netaji Palkar Prataprao Gujar Rango Narayan OrpeSarpotdar Sambhaji Kavji Santaji Ghorpade Suryaji Kakade Tanaji Malusare Yesaji Kank
Under Shivaji, many men of talent and enterprise rose into prominence. They carried forward his mission and ensur [edit] Accounts of contemporary foreign travellers Many foreign travellers who visited India during Shivaji's time wrote about him.
The Abbe Carre was a French traveller who visited India around 1670; his account was published as The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels in Mughal India. "I forgot to mention that during pillage [edit] References
1. ^ Chhatrapati Shivaji. p. 18. ISBN 8128808265. http://books.google.com/books?id=HsBPTc3hcekC. 2. ^ Shivaji the Great. p. 193. ISBN 8190200003. http://books.google.com/books?id=N5mIVt_Zd-0C. 3. ^ The Presidential Armies of India. W.H. Allen. p. 47. http://books.google.com/books?id=YX9JAAAAMAAJ. 4. ^ a b "Itihaas - Shivaji assumes the title of Chattrapati". Sify Corporation. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id= 5. ^ Shivaji and Indian Nationalism. Central Pub. House. p. 130. http://books.google.com/books?id=lAAeAAAAMA 6. ^ Setumadhavarao S. Pagadi. (1993). SHIVAJI. NATIONAL BOOK TRUST. p. 21. ISBN 8123706472. http://bo 7. ^ Shivaji and His Times. Longmans, Green and co. p. 20. http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNFAAAAIAAJ. 8. ^ a b c "Gazetter of the Bombay Presidency - Poona - MUSALMANS 1294-1760 - Nizamshahi". http://www.maha 9. ^ "Shivaji Maharaj’s birth date is in debate". http://punekar.in/site/2008/11/05/shivaji-maharajs-birth-date-is-in-d 10. ^ "JIJABAI - Her Parent's House Reduced To Ashes". http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatpersonalities 11. ^ SHIVAJI THE FOUNDER OF MARATHA SWARAJ. B. I. S. M. Puraskrita Grantha Mala. 12. ^ Kamat, K. L.. "Short Bio: Maratha King Shivaji". Kamat's Potpourri. http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/mahara 13. ^ [1] 14. ^ 'Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great'. Manudevi Prakashan. 2005. 15. ^ edited by Om Prakash. (2001). Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications. p 16. ^ Shivaji and His Times. Longmans, Green and co. p. 294. http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNFAAAAIAA 17. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, 18. ^ Patil, Vishwas - "Sambhaji", Mehta Publishing House, Pune (2006) ISBN 81-7766-651-7 19. ^ Mughal Rule in India By Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett,ISBN 8171565514, 9 20. ^ a b c Zakaria, Rafique, "Communal Rage in Secular India", Popular Prakashan, Mumbai (2003) 21. ^ Central Chronicle Letter D. Pande. Retrieved on 2007-03-07 22. ^ Book Review IMC India. Retrieved on 2007-03-07 23. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. p. 145. http://books.google.com/books?id=4bMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1
[edit] Further reading
Shivchatrapati- Ek Magowa by Dr Jysingrao Bhausaheb Pawar. Apte, B.K. (editor), Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Bombay: University o Duff, Grant, History of Marhattas, Oxford University Press, London Link - http://books.google.com/books?id=FKQ V.D.Katamble, Shivaji the Great, Pune : Balwant Printers - English Translation of popular Marathi book "Shriman Kasar, D.B., Rigveda to Raigarh - Making of Shivaji the Great, Mumbai: Manudevi Prakashan (2005) Vishwas Patil - Sambhaji, Mehta Publishing House, Pune (2006) ISBN 81-7766-651-7 Purandare B. M. (author), Raja Shivachhatrapati, he is the most popular and most enigmatic historian of Maratha Sriman Yogi Joshi, Ajit, Agryahun Sutka, Marathi, Pune: Shivapratap Prakashan (1997) More, Vasantrao, James Laine: A research scholar or a barbarian?, Marathi, Shivsangram Prakashan (2004), Ko Laine, James, Shivaji: Hindu king in Islamic India, London: Oxford University Press 2003. Parulekar, Shyamrao, Yashogatha Vijaya durg, Vijay Durg (1982) Jyotirao Phule, Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle Yanche Powade, Marathi, (1869) Sarkar, Jadunath, Shivaji and his times, Calcutta Zakaria, Rafique, Communal Rage in Secular India, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai (2003) Work of D. G. Godse Rajendra Ghorpade Mouni maharaj guru of raje shivaji Mahesh Tendulkar, Runzunjar Senapati Santaji Ghorpade - a book on Santaji Ghorpade. Vishwas Patil, Panipat - a book on the battle of Panipat. Ranjit Desai, Swami - a book on Madhavrao Peshwa [edit] See also Chhatrapati Marathas Maratha Empire Bhosle family ancestry Marathi people List of people known as The Great Maratha clan system Marathawada [edit] External links Chhatrapathi Shivaji Listen Shivaji's Stories(Powade) Great Escape from Agra in 1666
Succeede the Preceded by Chhatrapati of d by Sambhaji new state Maratha Empire 1674 – 1680
aje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj
st the vast ocean of Mughal rule, single-handedly. atrapati' or the 'Chief of the Kshatriyas' for his undaunted ability to protect them all under the safe shelter of his leadership. d a dedicated mother Jijabai, Shivaji was a descendent of the 96 Maratha Clans who were well known as brave fighters or 'Kshatriyas'. nd a pride in the motherland gave the young Shivaji his first achievement Bijapur Kingdom. With this recognition, there was no looking back. e Sultanate of Bijapur, which made him a hero of the Marathas overnight. ny other battles against the Sultanate of Bijapur, in warfares such as Battle of Kolhapur,
ous for his valor to challenge the mighty Mughal Empire, at the time ruled by Aurangzeb.
could not achieve much success due to Shivaji's clever leadership qualities and guerrilla tactics.
eneral Jai Singh, sent by the emperor. Upon this, Shivaji decided to negotiate with the nd astonishing escape from Agra, where he was kept a prisoner by Aurangzeb. n against the Mughals in the year 1670 with the Battle of Sinhagad. Soon after this victory he was coroneted on 6th June, 1674, as the King
hhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (Marathi: छतपती ििवाजीराजे भोसले) The Great King of INDIA and Great INSPIRATION OF world is called as Grea
re, was partly responsible for re-establisment of Hindu rule and its re-emergent assertiveness throughout the mainland of present day India
d disciplined military and well structured administrative organizations. The then prevalent practices of treating women as war booty, destru
nder his commander Angre. He was very successful in keeping foreign naval ships, particularly Portugese and British, under check. For his
matter of controversy but recently a consensus has been reached and is deemed to be 19 February 1630. [7][8][9] He was born on Shivne
ent day Ellora, Maharastra). Maloji Bhosale's was deeply insulted by Lakhuji Jadhavrao, a sardar in Nizamshahi, due his refusal to allow h
ars. He began service with the young Nizam of Ahmednagar and together with Malik Amber, Nizam's minister, he won back most of the di
re at Shivneri that Shivaji was born. In the meanwhile entire Jadhavrao family including Lakhuji and his three sons were murdered in Nizam
hereafter Shahji as Nizam's General responded by attacking the Mughal garrison and regained control of this region again. In response the
Pune holdings. A small council of ministers was appointed to assist and train Shivaji in administration. This council included
the homeland and its people. Shivaji learned much from his father's failed attempts at political independence: his exceptional military capab
lot hatched by the regional king Nizamshah, was opposed to those who she considered alien rulers, due to their derision and callousness t
great Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana molded Shivaji's character and helped him to be peerless (as confirmed by even otherw
ry commanders such as Gomaji Naik Pansambal and Baji Pasalkar were the main influences which groomed Shivaji into a brave and fea
Torna Fort of the Bijapur kingdom, in 1645.By 1647 he had captured Kondana and Rajgad forts and had complete control of the Pune regio
t. In a bid to sabotage this move of the Marathas under Shivaji's able leadership, Adilshah had his father - Shahaji arrested by deceitful mea
ddess Bhavani in Tuljapur and Pandharpur. The intent was to get a roiled, disturbed, and shaken Shivaji out in the open to face him in a p
our) prior to the meeting.Afzal Khan attempted to stab Shivaji in the back with a dagger as they embraced at the onset of their meeting. Sh ber 30, 1659, Shivaji's armies attacked Bijapur's (Afzal Khan's) forces and engaged them in swift flanking maneuvers.
ss with his lieutenants and ordered cannons to be fired. This was a signal to his infantry, which had been strategically placed under the cov
l Khan's 1,500 musketeers; resulting in a complete rout of the musketeers at the foothills of the fort. Then in a rapid march, a section of Adi
n of Adilshahi troops. The suddenness of this attack on Afzal Khan's artillery at close quarters made them ineffective in providing artillery co
were attempting to join up with the part of their reserve forces stationed in the nearby village of Wai. They were engaged in battle before t
ary figure among his people. The large quantities of captured weapons, horses, armour and other materials helped to strengthen the nasce
fghani mercenaries to subdue and defeat Shivaji before he could substantially expand his army. In the resulting war of Panhalgadh, Bijapu ty Mughal Empire.
nother army, this time numbering over 10,000, was sent against Shivaji, commanded by Bijapur's renowned Abyssinian general Rustemjam
untain Rat" . Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor was now actively preparing to bring the full might and resources of the Mughal Empire to bea
n Shivaji. He ordered his large army north to Kolhapur, Maharashtra to confront and defeat Shivaji once and for all.
r present day Kolhapur, on the borders of his dominion. Siddi Johar's army camped near Panhala, cutting off supply routes to the fort. Shiv
otiate and was looking for accommodation, understanding and mercy. With this news Adilshahi soldiers relaxed , and Shivaji escaped unde
t and capture. Baji Prabhu Deshpande, a brave Sardar along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at
was almost fatally wounded but he held on and continued to attack until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishaal Gaad, signalling S
ledging and formally recognizing the independence of Shivaji's Kingdom. Also, as the terms of peace, Panhala Fort was awarded to Siddi J Pass) in honor of Bajiprabhu Deshpande and the soldiers who selflessly fought and died to save their king and country. A small memorial me a formal and recognized power in the Deccan.
y to defeat Shivaji. He was an experienced commander who had defeated Shahaji in the same region in 1636. Within three years Shivaji ha r almost a year, he had little further success. He had set up his residence at Lal Mahal, Shivaji's palace, in the city of Pune.
Shaista Khan amidst tight security. In April 1663, a wedding party had obtained special permission for a procession; Shivaji planned an atta ion by breaking through a wall. Chimanji and Netaji Palkar first entered to provide cover to Shivaji MAharaj. Babaji Deshpande nd headed North towards Agra. An angered Aurangzeb transferred him to distant Bengal as a punishment for bringing embarrassment to
ted it to replenish his now depleted treasury and also as a revenge for the capture and looting of Maratha territory by Shaista Khan.
ll over 100,000 to defeat Shivaji. The Mughal forces proved to be unstoppable in the early battles and Shivaji decided to come to terms wit
haji, on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to Khandahar, modern day Afghanistan to consolidate the
s's Haveli and then to possibly kill him or send him to fight in the Afghan frontier. As a result Shivaji planned his escape. The entire plan of e
self in one of the boxes and managed to escape.Sambhaji, his six year old son had been smuggled out a couple of days earlier. Shivaji an
lf as a Brahmin priest after performance of religious rites at the haveli grounds and escaped by mingling in within the departing priestly ento
p his army. His army now contained about 40,000 cavalry, backed by 60,000 infantry, a strong navy and a potent artillery. The Mughals had
thod, the fort keeper, led an army of about 1500 Rajputs and Mughals for the protection of the fort. On February 4, 1670 Shivaji deputed o
mely well guarded. One very sheer cliff caught Tanaji's eye. This side was least guarded as one could not possibly imagine climbing the fo
le Tanaji's brother Suryaji moved close to the gates of the fort, namely Kalyan Darwaja, with another 300 Mavalas. The gates were soon o
Tanaji`s Dhal [Defence shield] with a single blow, Tanaji was not deterred and proceeded to tie a piece of cloth around his left hand for pro
f his good friend Tanaji. He sadly commented "Gadh ala puhn sinha gela" (The fort was conquered but the lion was lost). Thereafter Konda
674 at Raigad fort, and given the title Kshatriya Kulavantas Sinhasanadheeshwar Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Pandit Gaga Bhatt edas and was bathed in an abisheka. Shivaji had insisted on an Indrabhishek ritual, which had fallen into disuse since the 9th century.
few days later a second ceremony was carried out, this time according to the Bengal school of Tantricism and presided over by Nischal P
included such modern concepts as cabinet ( Ashtapradhan mandal), foreign affairs (Dabir) and internal intelligence.[12] Shivaji established
t there was a close bond between the state and the citizens. He encouraged all accomplished and competent individuals to participate in th ial and moral traditions.
ajor enemy invasions of his territories. He was also unceasing and inexorable in expanding his kingdoms boundaries. His success was driv
including hit-and-run, strategic expansion of territories and forts, formation of highly mobile light cavalry and infantry units, adaptation of stra
d thousand strong, and was able to effectively keep the Mughal forces in check and on the defensive while expanding his kingdom southw
brilliant strategic and tactical maneuvering on battlefields and his acute management and administrative skills helped him to lay the founda
ior code of ethics, exemplary character and deep seated and uncompromising spiritual values directed him to offer protection to houses of
nformed Maratha captain. She was the daughter-in-law of a defeated Muslim Amir (local ruler) of Kalyan, Maharashtra. Shivaji was reporte
y, to openly challenge his immensely larger enemies to defend and achieve freedom and independence for his country. And in that lay the f
ity, instead he was propeled by his sense of Dharma (sacred duty) to his people and country which lead him to directly challenge the dange
subjects to spend time with them to better understand their thoughts, issues and challenges. It is reported that he enjoyed simple meals of c
f admiration and respect he earned from his followers and subjects sets him apart from most other Indian kings or chieftains in the recorded
of the Maratha empire. He was one of the pioneers of commando actions, "Ganimi Kava" a term used for such a warefare, (though the ter
ld and supported four months in war. in commando tactics; lar chain-of-command; er claw or 'Baghnakh'. 'Vita' was a weapon invented by Shivaji; ant population of settlements and villages near forts actively involved in their defence
rn Konkan coastline from the attacks of Siddi’s fleet [15][16] he had realized the tactical advantage of having a strong navy and decided to
cross the rugged Western Ghats.Each were placed under three officers of equal status lest a single traitor should deliver it to the enemy. T
ith Sanskrit and promoted it. The root can be traced from Shahaji who supported Jayram Pindye and many like him. Shivaji's seal was pre
, Prachandgarh, Suvarndurg etc. He named Ashta Pradhan (council of ministers) as per Sanskrit nomenclature viz. Nyayadhish, Senapati e
anam), continued it. His grandson Shahu spent his entire childhood in Mughal captivity, which affected his taste. But even he showered gif himself in which he writes about his father as: oath and was on mission to defeat invaders y Adilshahi King of Vijaypur[citation needed]
t monastery there. The fort was subsequently renamed as "Sajjangad"(Fort of Decent/Holy ones). n. Shivaji had great respect for Warkari saints like Tukaram and Sufi Muslim pir Shaikh Yacub Baba Avaliya of Konkan . [18]
ear to Gargoti) in Kolhapur district. Shahaji had donated a huge piece of land to Shaha-Sharif Durgah of Ahmednagar. (The names "Shaha he first thing Shivaji did after a conquest was to promulgate protection of mosques and Muslim tombs. One-third of his army was Muslim,
oleum of the great Sufi Muslim saint Baba Sharifuddin. He also visited the abode of another great Sufi saint, Shaikh Yacub of the Konkan
treatment of his friends as well as enemies. ligious policy. He also brought back converts like Netaji Palkar & Bajaji in to Hinduism. He prohibited slavery in his kingdom. any instances in folklore, which describes Shivaji's respect for women, irrespective of their religion, nationality, or creed. dmonishing letter to Aurangzeb, in which he wrote:
ainter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of him. If it is a temp
ee near Bijapur, Karnataka, modern-day Tamilnadu. These victories proved quite crucial during future wars. Jinjee served as Maratha capi
tinal anthrax.[citation needed] The funeral ceremony was arranged in Raigad in presence of his son Rajaram, and wife Soyarabai. After Sh
is father and was sheltered by Sambhaji.[23] Thereafter, in 1681, Aurangzeb, his army, entourage and the royal court moved in mass to th
nace and fought Aurangzeb to a stalemate. And towards the end of the second decade the Marathas gathered more strength and began to
705. The final Mughal withdrawal came two years later. He had spent most of his remaining resources and manpower trying to defeat the M 00 Mughal soldiers and 200,000 Marathas died during this decades long epic struggle for dominance of the Indian sub-continent.
fighters in the Indian independence struggle that followed two centuries later.He is remembered as a just and wise king and his rule is ca and he is considered the founder of the modern Marathi nation; his policies were instrumental in forging a distinct Maharashtrian identity.
ai were renamed Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport respectively in Shivaji's honour, as have many pu
hir (ballad composer), poets and orators. In Marathi, Bhalaji Pendharkar directed on the movie, 'Raja Shivaji' in which the main role was pl
is a biography authored by Babasaheb Purandare on his life which was later brought out as Jaanata Raja ( जाणता राजा), a musical tale of Sh
d awakes), a play based on the complex relationship between Shivaji and Sambhaji. Shahir like Tulsidas and Agandas had written heroic b
ial Raja ShivChhatrapati on the life of Shivaji. The serial was launched in November 2008 and is expected to run for more than 100 one-ho vey how Shivaji would have responded to the problems faced by the 'Marathi manoos' today. Mahesh Manjrekar plays Shivaji in the film.
ntered folklore along with him. These include:
forward his mission and ensured the defeat of the Mughals in the War of 27 years. These include Ramchandrapant amtya, Santaji Ghorp
was published as Voyage des Indes Orienteles mele de plusiers histories curieuses at Paris in 1699. Some quotes: "Hardly had he won a t to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-ji, the Holy Seva-ji! Respected the habitation of the reverend father Ambrose, the Capuchin
id=HsBPTc3hcekC. id=N5mIVt_Zd-0C. ooks?id=YX9JAAAAMAAJ. y.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13374092. Retrieved on 2006-11-20. le.c om/books?id=lAAeAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1. 1. ISBN 8123706472. http://books.google.com/books?id=UVFuAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1. m/books?id=7xNFAAAAIAAJ. Nizamshahi". http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-II/history_Musalmans.html#. ivaji-maharajs-birth-date-is-in-debate/. biographies/greatpersonalities/jijabai/page10.htm. ntha Mala. .kamat.com/kalranga/maharashtra/shivaji.htm. Retrieved on 2006-11-19.
vement. Anmol Publications. p. 274. ISBN 8126109386. http://books.google.com/books?id=o5vHbY3VPyEC. .com/books?id=7xNFAAAAIAAJ. Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.609,634 7766-651-7 y Garrett,ISBN 8171565514, 9788171565511 , Mumbai (2003)
?id=4bMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA145&dq=SHIVAJI+%E2%80%93+Father+Of+The+Indian+Navy#PPA145,M1.
Volume, Bombay: University of Bombay (1974-75) ks.google.com/books?id=FKQ9AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Maratha+(Indic+people)%22#PRA1-PR21,M1. opular Marathi book "Shrimanyogi". Prakashan (2005) enigmatic historian of Maratha times, especially that of Shivaji. He is revered throughout Maharashtra as "Shivashahir".
angram Prakashan (2004), Kolhapur
'Kshatriyas'.
6th June, 1674, as the King of the Marathas. Under his dedi cated rule, the small independent land 'Hindavi Swaraj' went on to become a l
OF world is called as Great Shivaji Maharaj.laid the foundations of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji was younger of the two sons of Shahaji Bho
inland of present day India after being ruled by various Muslim dynasties. The ideology of Hindavi swaraj was in part the inspiration that pr
omen as war booty, destruction of religious monuments , slavery and forceful religious conversions were firmly opposed under his adminis ritish, under check. For his foresight of establishing of one of the first large scale naval presence he is referred to as the "Father of Indian
[
9] He was born on Shivneri Fort, Junnar, 60 kilometres north of Pune and was named Shiva after Shivai, Goddess of the fort, whom his mo
, due his refusal to allow his daughter Jijabai's (Shivaji's mother) marriage to his son - Shahaji. This lead Maloji's to aggressive conquests t
e won back most of the district for the Nizam from the Moghuls who had gained it during their attack of 1600.[8] Thereafter Lakhuji Jadhav
s were murdered in Nizam's court while they had come there to join his forces. Unsettled by this incident Shahaji Raje decided to part him
ion again. In response the Mughals sent a much larger force in 1635 to recover the area back and forced Shahaji to retreat into Mahuli. A
cil included Shamrao Nilkanth as Peshwa (Prime Minister), Balkrishna Pant as Muzumdar, Raghunath Ballal as Sabnis, Sonopant
exceptional military capabilities and achievements, his knowledge of Sanskrit, Hindu ethos, patronage of the arts, his war strategies and
derision and callousness toward the local population. Jijaba i thus instilled in Shivaji a natural love for self-determination and an aversion to
confirmed by even otherwise inimical chroniclers, Khafi Khan) especially in his tolerant attitude towards other religions as well as in his fa
hivaji into a brave and fearless military leader as well as a responsible administrator. Shivaji along with his mavla friends took a blood oath
te control of the Pune region. ji arrested by deceitful means, and he sent one army against Sambhaji, Shivaji's elder brother at Bangalore (led by Farradkhan
he open to face him in a pitched battle. Instead, Shiva ji sent a letter saying he was not eager to face Afzal Khan and sought some type of
onset of their meeting. Shivaji was unharmed due to the ar mour he wore under his clothes, and he counter attacked Afzal Khan with a w
ically placed under the cover of the densely covered val ley, to immediately attack Afzal Khan's forces.
id march, a section of Adilshahi forces commanded by Musekha n was attacked. Musekhan, Afzal Khan's leiutenant, was wounded and s
tive in providing artillery cover for the main portion of their troops. And as a result of this the rest of their troops rapidly succumbed to an a engaged in battle before they could regroup and were def eated prior to reaching Wai. ed to strengthen the nascent and emerging Maratha army.
war of Panhalgadh, Bijapur's Pashtun army was decimated by t he Maratha troops. The intense and bloody battle ended in the unconditio
ssinian general Rustemjaman. With cavalry of 5000 Marathas, Shivaji attacked them near Kolhapur on December 28, 1659. In a swift mo the Mughal Empire to bear down on the potential Maratha threat .
ply routes to the fort. Shivaji, decided to escape to a nea rby fort Vishalgad, where he could regroup his soldiers to fight a decisive battle.
and Shivaji escaped under the cover of a very stormy night. Johar's soldiers captured a small group of the Marathas apparently including to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of Vishaal Gad.
Vishaal Gaad, signalling Shivaji had reached safety of the fo rt. The result was the death of 300 Marathas and 1286 of Adilshah's troops in ort was awarded to Siddi Johar. ountry. A small memorial stands even today in the pass in recognit ion of the heroism of Bajiprabhu and his courageous men.
ithin three years Shivaji had lost most of his conquests to a relen tless attack by Shaista Khan and his army numbering over 100,000.
ion; Shivaji planned an attack using the wedding party as cover. The Marathas disguised themselves as the bridegroom's procession and
ji Deshpande another man provided protection to Shivaji maharaj from back side as he entered just after him. Shivaji then confronted Shai ringing embarrassment to the Mughals with his very personal and ignoble defeat in Pune.[4]
by Shaista Khan.
cided to come to terms with Aurangzeb. In the treaty of Purande r, signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh, Shivaji agreed to give up all of hi
hanistan to consolidate the Mughal empire's north-western fron tier. However in the court, on May 12, 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand
scape. The entire plan of escape displayed Shivaji's excellent ability to carefully analyze, plan and to flawless execute toward a successfu
e of days earlier. Shivaji and his son fled to the Deccan disguis ed as sadhus (holy men). Some accounts claim that after the escape, rumo the departing priestly entourage.[citation needed]
t artillery. The Mughals had the impression that he was now a spent force and would not cause them any more trouble. But Shivaji was on
4, 1670 Shivaji deputed one of his most senior and trusted generals, Tanaji Malusare, to head a mission to capture Kondana. ly imagine climbing the fort from this steep side. Tanaji de cided to scale this cliff to enter the fort. He used a monitor lizard(known as as. The gates were soon opened and once inside, all his soldiers joined Tanaji in the surprise attack.
around his left hand for protection and to stanch the bleedin g, and he continued to fight. Tanaji was killed by Uday Bhan in a fierce battle. as lost). Thereafter Kondana fort was renamed Sinhagad (Lion Fort) to honor Tanaji Malusare's bravery and sacrifice.
Pandit Gaga Bhatt, a renowned Brahmin from Varanasi, officially presided over the ceremony declaring that Shivaji's lineage was bonafide since the 9th century. presided over by Nischal Puri.
ce. [12] Shivaji established an effective civil and military administration. He also built a powerful navy and erected new forts like Sindhudurg
dividuals to participate in the ongoing political/military st ruggle. He is remembered as a just and welfare-minded king. He brought revolutio
ries. His success was driven by his fierce and urgent determinat ion to establish a free and independent homeland, and in this goal he was
try units, adaptation of strategic battle plans and for mations, whereby he succeeded in out-maneuvering, time and time again, his vastly b nding his kingdom southward to Gingee, Tamil Nadu. elped him to lay the foundations of the future Maratha emp ire in India.
er protection to houses of worship, non-combatants, women and children. He always showed respect, defended and protected places of w
shtra. Shivaji was reported to have told the lady that her bea uty was mesmerizing and that if his mother was as beautiful as her, he would
ountry. And in that lay the foundations of the greatness of Chhattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, which was based not as much on his successes o
irectly challenge the dangerous, powerful and oppressive rule o f the Sultans and the Mughals. His legacy is heroism, selflessness, freedo
enjoyed simple meals of crushed onion and ‘bhakris ’ - a type of Indian peasant bread with his foot soldiers (mavlas). This reflected his 'd
r chieftains in the recorded Indian history. Even today h e is venerated in India and especially in the state of Maharashtra with awe and adm
a warefare, (though the term "commando" is modern). [14] Shivaji was responsible for a lot of changes in military organization. These inclu
rong navy and decided to purse this idea. Shivaji was concerned about the growing dominance of British India naval forces over Indian wa
d deliver it to the enemy. The officers (Sabnis, Havladar, Sar-i-naubat) acted jointly and provided mutual checks balance.
him. Shivaji's seal was prepared by him.
iz. Nyayadhish, Senapati etc. He got Rajya Vyavahar Kosh (a po litical treatise) prepared. His Rajpurohit Keshav Pandit was himself a San
But even he showered gifts on learned Brahmins. Serfoji II from the Thanjavur branch of the Bhosle continued the tradition by printing the
Konkan . [18] nagar. (The names "Shahaji", the father of Shivaji, and "Sarfoji", the uncle of Shivaji, are derived in deference to this Shah Sharifji.)
of his army was Muslim, as were many of his commanders: one of his most trusted general in all his campaigns was Haider Ali Kohari; Da
aikh Yacub of the Konkan, and sought his blessings. He called Hazrat Baba of Ratnagiri bahut thorwale bhau, meaning "great elder brothe
is kingdom.
rance of him. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for him alone." [20][21][22]
ee served as Maratha capital for 9 years during 27 years of w ar.
d wife Soyarabai. After Shivaji's death, his elder son Sambhaji and Soyarabai , fought for control of the kingdom. After a brief struggle Sam
court moved in mass to the Deccan to wage an all out war for the complete destruction of Maratha power. This was the beginning of the t
ore strength and began to turn the tide of the war. The Mughal forces were dealt several serious body blows by able Maratha generals lik
ower trying to defeat the Marathas and ended up significantly weak ening the once mighty Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb's heirs never again an sub-continent.
ise king and his rule is called one of the six golden ages i n Indian history. ct Maharashtrian identity.
honour, as have many public buildings and spaces in recen t years. The Interstate Bus Terminal of New Delhi has also been named after
hich the main role was played by the famous Marathi actor Chandrakant Mandare. Apart form this movie, 'Maratha tituka melawawa','Gad
ा राजा), a musical tale of Shivaji's life. Kusumagraj has composed a famous poem on Shivaji's general Prataprao Gujar' Vedat Marathe vir da andas had written heroic ballads on him. Kavi Bhushan has composed in Hindi, a famous work 'Shivraj Bhushan'. for more than 100 one-hour episodes. r plays Shivaji in the film.
pant amtya, Santaji Ghorpade, Dhanaji Jadhav, Parsoji Bhosle, Harji raje Mahadik and Kanhoji Angre.
tes: "Hardly had he won a battle or taken to town in one end of the kingdom than he was at the other extremity causing havoc everywhere er Ambrose, the Capuchin missionary. 'The Frankish Padr es are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the hous
PRA1-PR21,M1.
raj' went on to become a large kingdom ranging from the Northwest India to the East.Though not much is known of his personal life except
e two sons of Shahaji Bhosle and Jijabai. His father, Shahaji was a Maratha general who rendere d military services at various times the B
part the inspiration that propelled the succeeding generation of Marathas to establish independent kingdom in India prior to their eventual h
pposed under his administration. Shivaji himself was a religious, devout and tolerant Hindu who worshipped with deep faith. Shivaji change
o as the "Father of Indian Navy".[6] Building and securing seaside and land based forts played an important role in Shivaji’s military history
ss of the fort, whom his mother Jijabai during her pregnancy used to worship. Shivaji was fifth son born to Jijabai, 3 of whom had died as in
to aggressive conquests to obtain a higher station and an important role under Nizamshahi, something that eventua lly lead him to achievi
Thereafter Lakhuji Jadhav, Shahaji's father in law attacked Shahaji and surrounded him at the Mahuli fort along with Jijabai who was 4 mo ji Raje decided to part himself from Nizamshahi and raise the banner of independence and establish an independent kingdom.
aji to retreat into Mahuli. Adilshah of Bijapur agreed to pay tribute to the Moghuls in return for the authority to rule this region in the year of 1
Sabnis, Sonopant as Dabir and Dadoji Konddeo as teacher. Apart from these ministers, military commanders Kanhoji Jedhe and
rts, his war strategies and peacetime diplomacy. He was inspired and informed by his family's vision of independence and freedom. ination and an aversion to external political domination. eligions as well as in his fair and kind treatment of women and non-combatants.
friends took a blood oath to fight against the Mughal empire at Rohideshwara temple. And young Sh ivaji, energetic and enthusiastic as h
by Farradkhan) and another against Shivaji at Purandhar (led by Fattekhan). However both Bhosle brothers defeated the invading armies
and sought some type of understanding. Shivaji upon carefully weighing his options, strategically decided to confront and surprise Afzal K
cked Afzal Khan with a wagh nakh and bich'hwa, spilling his blood and entrails on the ground. Thereupon Afzal Khan's deputy,
nant, was wounded and subsequently fled the field.
rapidly succumbed to an all out Maratha attack. Simultaneously Shivaji's Sardar (captain), Ragho Atre's cavalry units swooped down and a
tle ended in the unconditional surrender of Bijapuri forces to Shivaji.
er 28, 1659. In a swift movement, Shivaji led a full frontal attack at the center of the enemy forces while other two portions of his cavalry at
to fight a decisive battle.
athas apparently including Shivaji, only to realize he was a look-alike dressed like Shivaji, sent out to create a diversion and facilitate the re ishaal Gad. 286 of Adilshah's troops in this fierce battle.
rageous men.
bering over 100,000.
egroom's procession and entered Pune. Shivaji, having spent much of his youth in Pune, knew his way around the city and his own palace
ivaji then confronted Shaista Khan and severed three of Shaista Khan's fingers with his sword as he fled through an open window. Shaista
i agreed to give up all of his 23 forts and 400,000 rupees to the Mughals. He also agreed to let his son Sambhaji become a Mughal Sardar
angzeb made Shivaji stand behind mansabdars (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offense to this seeming insult and stormed
xecute toward a successful outcome. He feigned almost fatal sickness and requested to send most of his contingent back to Deccan. There
hat after the escape, rumours of Sambhaji's death were intentionally spread by Shivaji himself in order to deceive the Mughals and to prote
rouble. But Shivaji was on a war footing and aimed to directly take on the combined might of the Moghul empire. Shivaji was more than pre
ure Kondana. nitor lizard(known as ghorpad in Marathi named "Yeshwanti" with a rope tied around its body for climbing this cliff on a moonless night.
ay Bhan in a fierce battle. Seeing their leader mortally wounded, the Maratha soldiers started to back-up and retreat, Suryaji and Shelar M
aji's lineage was bonafide and recognized Kshatriya.
new forts like Sindhudurg and strengthened old ones like Vijayadurg on the west coast. The Maratha navy held its own against the British, king. He brought revolutionary changes in military organisation, fort architecture, society and politics.
nd, and in this goal he was supported by the high level of loyalty, respect and commitment he received from his soldiers, followers and citiz nd time again, his vastly bigger and determined enemies.
and protected places of worship of all denominations and religions.
beautiful as her, he would have been handsome as well. He told her to go back to her family in peace, unmolested and under his protectio
much on his successes on or off the battlefields, or on the strength of his arms, or his brilliant strategies or his noble birth but was truly bas oism, selflessness, freedom, independence, brotherhood and unwavering courage, and as such he is a great role model for the ages. vlas). This reflected his 'down to earth' character. arashtra with awe and admiration and is viewed as a hero of epic proportions.
organization. These include -
val forces over Indian waters and start building his navy forces to tackle this issue. F or this very reason he is also referred to as the “Fathe
Pandit was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet. [17] the tradition by printing the first book in Marathi Devnagari. [citation needed]
this Shah Sharifji.)
was Haider Ali Kohari; Darya S arang was chief of armoury; Ibrahim Khan and Daulat Khan were prominent in the navy; and Siddi Ibrahim eaning "great elder brother".
. After a brief struggle Sambhaji was crowned king.but before t he death of shivaji maharaj he went to mughal prince & against maratha em
was the beginning of the twenty seven year war, initially the Marathas were overwhelmed by the might and the great power of the Mughal
y able Maratha generals like Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. They effectively employed lightning fast and highly mobile attacks, tact
ngzeb's heirs never again challenged the Marathas and within eighty years of Shivaji's death, they were themselves finally overtaken and u
as also been named after Shivaji.
tha tituka melawawa','Gad ala pan sinh gela' and many more movies specially in Marathi were made on his an d his associates' life. ujar' Vedat Marathe vir daudale sat'. performed Lata Mangeshkar and Hridayanath Mangeshkar.
ausing havoc everywhere and surprising important places. To this quickness of movement he added, like Julius Caesar, a clemency and .' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while a
of his personal life except that he was married to Saibai, Soyarabai, Kashibai, Putalabai and Sa gunabai and had two sons and three daug
ices at various times the Bijapur Sultanate, Deccan sultanates and the Mughals.[3] Shivaji with his ideology of Hindavi Swaraj (freedom for
dia prior to their eventual humiliating defeat by the British Empire. This ideology was neithe r directed against Islam nor aimed toward prop
deep faith. Shivaji changed rules of military engagement prevalent in that era. He pio neered Ganimi Kava, guerilla tactics, which leverage in Shivaji’s military history. He conquered, constructed and renovated many strategical ly located forts to defend and secure his kingdom.
, 3 of whom had died as infants a nd only Sambhaji survived. While Shivaji was accompanied mostly by his mother, Sambhaji lived with his
ntually lead him to achieving the title of Mansabdar (military commander and a imperial adminstrator). Leveraging this new found fame an
with Jijabai who was 4 month pregnant. After seeing no relief coming from Nizam, Shahaji decid ed to give up the fort and planned his esc dent kingdom.
this region in the year of 1636.[8] Thereafter Shahaji was inducted by Adilshah of Bijapur and was offered a distant jagir - land holdings, a
nhoji Jedhe and Baji Pasalkar were appointed to train Shivaji in martial arts. In 1644, Shahaji had Lal Mahal built in Pune for his wife and h
ence and freedom.
etic and enthusiastic as he was, wasted no time in setting off on a path of freedom and glory.
feated the invading armies securing the release of their father. Thereafter, Afzal Khan, a seasoned commander and an accomplished warr
nfront and surprise Afzal Khan under the guise of diplomatic negotiations. A meeting was arranged between Afzul Khan and Shivaji at the
l Khan's deputy, Krishnaji Bhaskar Kulkarni and his bodyguard Sayyed Banda attacked Shivaji with swords but Jiva Mahala, Shivaji's perso
units swooped down and attacked the large but unprepared Adilshahi cavalry before they were able to be fully geared up for battle and suc
o portions of his cavalry attacked the flanks. This battle lasted for several hours and at the end Bij apuri forces were soundly defeated and
ersion and facilitate the real king's escape. Siddi Johar's soldiers realized that the i mposter was Shivaji's barber and that Shivaji and his a
he city and his own palace of Lal Mahal.Chimanaji deshpande-one of the childhood friend of Shiva ji had played role of loyal bodyguard du h an open window. Shaista Khan narrowly escaped death; lost his son, many of his guards and soldiers in the raid.
become a Mughal Sardar and serve the Mughal court of Aurangzeb
eming insult and stormed out of court and was promptly placed under house arrest, under the watch of Fulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra.
ent back to Deccan. Thereafter, on his request, he was allowed to send daily shipme nts of sweets and gifts to saints, fakirs, and temples e the Mughals and to protect Sambhaji.[citation needed]
Shivaji was more than prepared to squarely face the great dangers inherent in waging a war agains t a the powerful Mughal empire - he w
liff on a moonless night.[citation needed] Perhaps this was the first time in the history of wars where a lizard was used to climb a fort.
reat, Suryaji and Shelar Mama stepped up and assumed leadership. Shelar Mama an Old Sardar in his 70s faced and challenged Uday B
its own against the British, Port uguese and Dutch [13] till Maratha internal conflict brought their downfall in 1756.
oldiers, followers and citizens.
ted and under his protection. His behaviour, was noted by those around him, to be always of the h ighest moral caliber. He clearly and una
oble birth but was truly based on his selfless and courageously fierce actions he un dertook against any and all enemies, on behalf of his b e model for the ages.
so referred to as the “Father of Indian Navy”.
the navy; and Siddi Ibrahim was chief of artillery.
ince & against maratha empire.
reat power of the Mughal empire. Under the overpowering and unrelenting Mughal assault the endang ered Maratha capital was forced to highly mobile attacks, tactics initially developed and effectively used by Shivaji. ves finally overtaken and utterly dominated by the Peshwa's Maratha Sardars, namely Scindia and Holkar.
his associates' life.
Caesar, a clemency and bounty that won him the hearts of those his arms had worsted." "In his courage and rapidity he does not ill resem een very charitable while alive."
d two sons and three daughters, as a ruler, his name is compared to that of Napoleon, Julius Caesar and the Swedish King Gustavus Ado
indavi Swaraj (freedom for Hindustan) decided to directly challenge Bijapur Sultanate rule and eventually the Mughal empire, to establish t am nor aimed toward propagation of Hinduism.[5]
illa tactics, which leveraged various factors like demographics, speed, surprise and focused attack. In comparison to his enemies, Shivaji h and secure his kingdom.
her, Sambhaji lived with his father Shahaji at Banglore (present day Bengaluru). During the period of Shivaji's birth, the power in Maharastr g this new found fame and power he was able to convince Jadhavrao to give his daughter in marriage to his son Shahaji. e fort and planned his escape.
tant jagir - land holdings, at present-day Bangalore, but he was allowed to keep his old land tenures and holdings in Pune. [10]
ilt in Pune for his wife and his son Shivaji. A royal seal in Sanskrit which read, This is the royal seal of Shivaji, son of Shahaji. This royal se
nd an accomplished warrior, was then sent to destroy Shivaji, in an effort to put down what was seen by Bijapur as a regional revolt.
ul Khan and Shivaji at the foothills of Fort Pratapgad. Shivaji got word that Afzal Khan planned to slay him during the meeting.
iva Mahala, Shivaji's personal bodyguard fatally struck them down with a 'dandpatta' (medieval weapon). Afzal Khan managed to stumble o
ared up for battle and succeeded in completely routing them in short order.
ere soundly defeated and Rustemjaman ignominiously fled the battlefield.
and that Shivaji and his army were headed to Vishalgad.
role of loyal bodyguard during this attack.
han, Kotwal of Agra.
aints, fakirs, and temples in Agra as offerings for getting well.
rful Mughal empire - he was fighting for independence and as such feared no earthly power, he had taken a solemn oath to achieve freedo
used to climb a fort. [citation needed]
ed and challenged Uday Bhan and killed him. Suryaji, then stepped in front and center to rally the troops and lead them back on the offensi
aliber. He clearly and unambiguously embodied the virtues and ideals of a true nobleman.
nemies, on behalf of his beloved Vatan (sacred homeland/nation). He defied overwhelming odds stacked against him by the mighty Mugha
atha capital was forced to be moved and evacuated from Raigad to Jinjee in the south and for a time it seemed that Aurangzeb's objective
idity he does not ill resemble that great king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus."
edish King Gustavus Adolphus, who were all great rulers in their own respect. He incorporated modern administrative concepts such as c
ghal empire, to establish the Marāṭhā Sāmrājya or the Maratha kingdom for thr Marathas, by the Marathas and of the Marathas. Shivaji su
n to his enemies, Shivaji had smaller army and thereby was obliged to make to follow guirella warfare to help overcome this great imbalan
h, the power in Maharastra was shared by three Sultanates - Bijapu r, Ahmednagar, and Golconda. Most of the then Marathas forces had
in Pune. [10][11]
n of Shahaji. This royal seal is for the welfare of people. This seal (the rule of the seal) will grow like the new moon grows , was handed to S
as a regional revolt.
the meeting.
han managed to stumble out of the tent to get help but was immediately slain by Shivaji's associate Sambhaji Kavji, before he could alert h
mn oath to achieve freedom or die trying. In January 1670 Shivaji launched a major, multi-pronged assault on Mughal garrisons in Mahar
d them back on the offensive. The Marathas now re-commenced their ferocious attack on the Mughal defenders and captured the fort .
t him by the mighty Mughal empire and the sultanates, he overcame and succeeded in face of unprecedented level of succee dingly diffic
hat Aurangzeb's objective of stamping out the Maratha threat, once and for all, would be achieved. However, in the following months and y
rative concepts such as cabinet, foreign affairs, internal intelligence and others and commanded an extremely well trained army. This apa
of the Marathas. Shivaji succeeded in establishing control of small portion of the present state of Maharastra in western India, during his lif
rcome this great imbalance.
then Marathas forces had pledged their loyalties to one of these Sultanates and were engaged in a continuous game of mutual alliances an
n grows , was handed to Shivaji. Thus Shivaji started his career as an independent young prince of a small kingdom on a mission. Shivaji
vji, before he could alert his commanders or raise an alarm.
ughal garrisons in Mahar ashtra. Within six months he had regained most of his old territory and more. From 1670 to 1674 Shivaji expande
and captured the fort .
vel of succee dingly difficult challenges and trials.
he following months and y ears the tide of the war began to change.
ell trained army. This apart, he was a king who was just and kind and showed tolerance towards all religions and languages. He himself wa
estern India, during his lifetime.[4] At its peak the Maratha Empire rule spread upto Attock in Pakistan.
ame of mutual alliances and aggressions.
om on a mission. Shivaji used the title of Raja (king) only after Shahaji's death.
0 to 1674 Shivaji expanded his kingdom to include major portions of Maharashtra and far in to the south including parts of modern-day Ka
languages. He himself was proficient in Sanskrit and Ma rathi, and patronized art of all kinds.Shivaji succumbed to fatal illness spanning m
g parts of modern-day Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
to fatal illness spanning many weeks in 1680 and his empire was taken over by his son Sambhaji. But this did not remove the imprint he l
ot remove the imprint he left on the minds of all Indians. Chatrapati Shivaji's name will forever be remembered in folklore and history as th
in folklore and history as the great king whose rule is considered as a golden era, which showed the light of freedom, paving the way for Ind
om, paving the way for India's Independence later.
Shrimant Sambhaji Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Ch
'Birth name:' Sambhaji Bhonsle Emperor and High Protector of the Maratha Empire May 14, 1657 Purandar Fort near Pune, India March 11, 1689
'Title:' 'Birth:'
'Birthplace:' 'Death:' 'Succeeded by:' Rajaram Yesubai 'Marriage:' Shahu 'Children:' [edit] Early life
Sambhaji was born on Purandar fort [1] A scholar of Sanskrit and seven other languages [citation needed [edit] About Sambhaji
Chatrapati Sambhaji wrote several poems including a highly prestigious Sanskrit poem book “Budh bhushan”. He ev
Sambhaji was a very brave, courageous and powerful Man. His personality, attitude, intelligence and qualities had g
Sambhaji is also known for his political acumen. He had given shelter to Akbar, the son of Aurangzeb, to cause wide [edit] Estrangement and reconciliation with father
Interestingly enough, Sambhaji joined forces with Aurangzeb for almost a year. Shivaji had gone further south for hi [edit] Coronation
Annaji Datto, Somaji Datto wanted to oust Sambhaji so that they could get to play a bigger role in the affairs of the s [edit] Attack on Burhanpur
Bahadurkhan Kokaltash, a relative of Aurangzeb was in-charge of Burhanpur, a Mughal stronghold. He left Burhanp [edit] War with Mughals Main article: War of 27 years
Within a year or so of Sambhaji's coronation, Sultan Muhammad Akbar took shelter with him and sought Sambhaji's
It was a disproportionate battle in all senses. Aurangzeb's army was at least 8 to 9 times larger than Sambhaji's. His
The Marathas led by Sambhaji fought single-handedly against all the enemies. To make matters worse, there was a [edit] War with Siddis of Janjira
Janjira was under the Siddis. Janjira was strategically a very important place and a mighty fort in the Arabian Sea, w [edit] War with Chikkadev Rai of Mysore
Hearing about the intrusion of Chikkadev Rai into Maratha territory, Sambhaji had sent his Diwan to Chikkadev Rai [edit] War with the Portuguese of Goa
There were chances of Portuguese providing supplies to Mughals and allowing unloading of Mughal ships at the Po Sambhaji warned Siddis, Chikkadev Rai and Portuguese from crossing the path of the Marathas and ordered them [edit] Capture and Execution
Stone arch at Tulapur confluence under which Sambhaji was executed
In early 1689, Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at Sangameshwar in Konkan to decide on th
Sambhaji and his Men were surrounded from all sides. Marathas took out their swords, roared ‘Har Har Mahadev’ a There were small attacks by Ramdasi people from Battis Shirala’s Math (group related to Samartha Ramdas
Ganoji’s hunger for Maratha land in the form of watan led to his enmity with Sambhaji. Sambhaji like his father- Shiv
After learning that Sambhjaji had been captured and produced before him as a prisoner, Aurangzeb felt very happy.
Sambhaji's Samadhi(Mausoleum) built at the place where he was cremated, Vadhu When they were brought face to face with Aurangzeb, the latter offered to let Sambhaji live if he surrendered all the
Despite the torture, Sambhaji refused to submit to Aurangzeb's conditions. In so doing he earned the title of Dharma [edit] Immediate aftereffects of Sambhaji's execution
With Sambhaji's death, Maratha confederacy was thrown in a disarray. He was succeeded as leader of the Marath
Sambhaji's torture and heroic death unleashed an unprecedented unity and heroic spirit among the Marathas. Aura
Aurangzeb spent the last 25 years of his life in the Deccan in constant war with the Marathas till his death on 3 Marc [edit] Legacy
There is some dispute among historians about Sambhaji's ability as a ruler. Some historians have portrayed him as
It is quite interesting to look at his own version. After he assumed the charge of Chhatrapati, he issued a Danapatra
honsle Chhatrapati Maharaj
itation needed], Sambhaji quickly gained a firm political standing in the Maratha kingdom and, by the time of Chhatrapati Shivaji's coronati
ok “Budh bhushan”. He even composed poems in Hindi language.[citation needed] igence and qualities had gained him the respect and appreciation of everyone who visited the Maratha Durbar. f Aurangzeb, to cause widespread revolt against Aurangzeb.[2]
d gone further south for his campaign to capture the forts of Adil Shah leaving Deccan in charge of Sambahji. In the meantime, Aurangzeb,
r role in the affairs of the state and use it to their advantage. They even poisoned Sambhaji's food, but, Sambhaji was fortunately saved. T
tronghold. He left Burhanpur to attend a wedding, giving the charge of Burhanpur to Kakarkhan. The careless and bigheaded Bahadurkha
im and sought Sambhaji's aid in winning the Mughal throne from his father Aurangzeb. On hearing about the death of Shivaji Maharaj, Au
arger than Sambhaji's. His whole empire was around 15 times bigger than Sambhaji's. However, Sambhaji led the fight valiantly and did no atters worse, there was a devastating famine in the region for two years in 1686-87.
fort in the Arabian Sea, with cannons embedded all around. It also had high economic importance. Traders had to cough up heavy amoun
Diwan to Chikkadev Rai. But the Diwan was insulted in the Mysore Durbar. Seeing this, Sambhaji became infuriated and decided to teac
of Mughal ships at the Portuguese ports in Goa. Thus, Sambhaji undertook a campaign against the Portuguese in Goa. Portuguese like C
rathas and ordered them to refrain from helping Aurangzeb in any way. In this way, Sambhaji nullified any threat that the Maratha kingdom
in Konkan to decide on the final blow to oust Aurangzeb from Deccan. In order to execute the plans soon, Sambhaji sent ahead most of his
ared ‘Har Har Mahadev’ and pounced upon the numerous Mughals. A bloody skirmish took place. However, owing to the number of Mugh Samartha Ramdas's follower) this attack was also assisted by local Maratha soldiers but this attack was unsuccessful and Dixit- Bhat of S
mbhaji like his father- Shivaji Maharaj had abolished the custom of giving away watans, as this led to the people’s suffering, from the hand
urangzeb felt very happy. He stood up from his royal seat and offered prayer to God and bent towards land. Kavi Kulesh captured this sc
e if he surrendered all the Maratha forts, turn over all his hidden treasures,disclose the names of all the Mughal officers who had helped him
earned the title of Dharmaveer (Protector of the Religion) by which he is known to this day. Aurangzeb ordered to cut Sambhaji's body into
d as leader of the Marathas by his younger brother Rajaram. The Commander in chief of Maratha army, Mhaloji Ghorpade, who succeede
mong the Marathas. Aurangzeb continued his grim war against the Marathas for another 18 years but could not subjugate the Maratha stat
as till his death on 3 March 1707. In 1737, within 50 years of the torture and death of Sambhaji, Maratha JAT Allied armies entered Delhi a
ns have portrayed him as ineffective and alcoholic. This was just a misinformation by the Mughals. Also many who were denied watans by
ti, he issued a Danapatra which is a eulogy right from his great grandfather Maloji to himself. He writes about him'Balbhavendra prasthadh
hatrapati Shivaji's coronation in 1674, he was able to impress visiting dignitaries with his acumen, intelligence, personality and, most import
he meantime, Aurangzeb, realising the opportunity to finish off the Maratha empire in the absence of Shivaji ordered his commander Diler
was fortunately saved. Their plot was uncovered the first time around, however, Sambhaji forgave them. Still, they conspired the second
d bigheaded Bahadurkhan also took with him a territorial army , to showoff at the wedding. Sambhaji had tricked Mughals by making them
th of Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb had come to Deccan in 1680 AD to bring down the Maratha Empire. The Mughal army, which came alo
e fight valiantly and did not let Aurangzeb win even a s ingle major victory. The tenacity and sheer will of the Maratha resistance to the Mug
to cough up heavy amounts to bypass this spot. Marathas had earlier tried conquering Janjira, but to no avail. Sambhaji wanted to capture
iated and decided to teach Chikkadev Rai a lesson. Marathas marched into the Tamil state. But, Chikkadev Rai too put on his armour and
in Goa. Portuguese like Chikka Dev Rai, were driven by arroganc e. Marathas stormed Goa and started conquering Portuguese territory an
that the Maratha kingdom had from these 3 powers. Sambhaji also beat back the two Mughal armies of 100,000 (a lakh) troops each, wh
haji sent ahead most of his comrades and stayed back with a f ew of his trustworthy men. In a meticulously planned operation, one of the
g to the number of Mughal troops, Sambhaji Maharaj and Kavi Kala sh were captured on 1 February 1689. Ganoji Shirke who guided Mug
ssful and Dixit- Bhat of Shirala and 50 other Maratha soldiers were killed by Moguls while trying to rescue Sambhaji. This incident happene ’s suffering, from the hands of the watandar and there were chances of the watandars assuming kingship or taking possession of their
i Kulesh captured this scene in a small poem which was sti ll remembered in Maharashtra. It was praise of Sambhaji’s courage and glowin
fficers who had helped him and embrace Islam relig ion. Sambhaji refused to convert, and instead sang praises of Mahadev (Lord Shiva).
o cut Sambhaji's body into pieces and throw it into th e river. Residents of nearby village named 'Vadhu' collected as many pieces of his bo
Ghorpade, who succeeded Hambirrao Mohite, died in the ambush at Sangameshwar. A few days after Sambhaji's death, the capital Raig ubjugate the Maratha state.
lied armies entered Delhi and had re-established Hind u rule over all of western, central and much of northern India. It was the first time aft
o were denied watans by Sambhaji, deliberately spread th ese rumours to defame Sambhaji Maharaj. Other historians, notably S.S. Shiva 'Balbhavendra prasthadhinathanudnyat mallayudhada tt adnyabhanga:It means he(Aurangzeb) asked me to wrestle before him to which
rsonality and, most important of all, mod esty. Unfortunately, within two weeks after Chhatrapati Shivaji's coronation, his grandmother Jijab
ered his commander Diler Khan to lead a large army to attack Sambhaji. Realising the desperate scenario of facing Diler with a handful of
hey conspired the second time too and wanted to arrest Sambhaji at the Panhala Fort, where he was staying at the time of Shivaji's death.
Mughals by making them to think that Marathas were going to attack Surat, which was twice plundered by Shivaji Maharaj in his lifetime. H
hal army, which came along totaled about 5,00,000-6,00,000 troops and 4,00,000 animals, which, at that time was perhaps the largest arm
atha resistance to the Mughal invasion is best illustrated by the story of the Ramshej fort near Nashik. Aurangzeb's commanders claimed t
ambhaji wanted to capture Janjira. Marathas attacked the fort from all sides. Siddis also retaliated with their cannons and ships. However,
too put on his armour and decided to face Sambhaji, before Marathas could rea ch Mysore’s capital. Both the armies were face-to-face and
ing Portuguese territory and forts. Portuguese weren’t able to overcome the Marathas. Common people in Goa rose in rebellion and started
0 (a lakh) troops each, which were sent by Aurangzeb to wreak havoc in the Maratha kingdom. In fact, the second army was so badly thras
ned operation, one of the brother-in-laws of Sambhaji-Ganoji Shirke deceived the Marathas and helped Aurangzeb's commander, Mukarra
oji Shirke who guided Mughals through the thorny, thick forests, high cliffs, steep slopes of the Sahyadri deceived Maratha posts in-betwee
haji. This incident happened on 3 February 1689. Later with strong army of 20,000 people Julphikarkhan moved towards Karad and then B ng possession of their watans.
bhaji’s courage and glowing of eyes and face of Sambhaji Raje, Kavi kulesh wanted to say that since Aurangzeb have not ever saw such a
of Mahadev (Lord Shiva). Aurangzeb ordered him and Kavi Kalash to be tortured to death. Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were brutally torture
d as many pieces of his body as they found, sewed them together and performed the final rites on his body. These villagers later went on to
ji's death, the capital Raigad fell to the Mughals and Sambhaji's wife and son were captured. However, Marathas' capital had shifted to Gin
dia. It was the first time after 1192, when Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated by Mohammed Ghori, that a Hindu army was in control of Delhi e
torians, notably S.S. Shivade, portray Sambhaji as a capable ruler. But whatever may have been his inadequacies as a ruler, his redemptio restle before him to which he refused.' This was during his visit along with his father to Aurangzeb's court in Agra.
tion, his grandmother Jijabai died and Sambhaji was left with nobody to nurture him. And the fact that Shivaji was too busy with the affairs
ing Diler with a handful of men and in the absence of Shiavji, Sambhaji decided to play a masterful trick on the moghuls. To bide time, he
he time of Shivaji's death. They wanted to crown Rajaram in opposition to Sambhaji as Maratha emperor. They forcefully involved Moropa
ji Maharaj in his lifetime. However, Hambirrao Mohite, the commander-in-chief of the Maratha army was already surrounding Burhanpur. A
as perhaps the largest army in the world. With the help of such a massive army, he brought the Adilshah (Bijapur) and Qutubshah (Golcon
b's commanders claimed that they would win the fort within hours but the fight for t he fort lasted for seven years. Sambhaji utilised the ava
nons and ships. However, the force of the Maratha attack was such that defeat was em inent for the Siddis. But still they weren’t giving up.
mies were face-to-face and poised for a battle. All of a sudden, arrows started pouring in from the Mysore army. They started inflicting fatal
ose in rebellion and started thrashing the priests, whom they accused of carrying out forced conversions. [citation needed].Sambhaji contro
d army was so badly thrashed that only a few troops could return to the Mughal camp. Thus, Aurangze b wanted to somehow arrest Samb
eb's commander, Mukarrab Khan to locate, get to and attack Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was in the ga rden of Sangameshwar, resolv
d Maratha posts in-between by posing Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash as prisoners arrested for smuggling diam onds. Ganoji told Mukarrab abo
towards Karad and then Baramati and finally to Bahadurgad near Bhima river. He and his advisor, Kavi Kalash were taken to Bahadurgad
have not ever saw such a sharp and courageous man in his entire life that’s why he acknowledged Sambhaji’s greatness by standing up
alash were brutally tortured for over a fortnight. The torture involved plucking out their eyes and tongue and pulling out their nails. The late
e villagers later went on to use the surname 'Shivle' or 'Shivale', as per spelling pr eference, which means sewing in the Marathi language
' capital had shifted to Gingee with Chhatrapati Rajaram. Infact, Marathas under Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav were running riot
y was in control of Delhi except for a brief period by Hemu in 1556. The Maratha empir e would remain the foremost military power in Ind
s as a ruler, his redemption and symbolism came in his death, and it is for this that he is mostl y remembered by the Marathi people to this
s too busy with the affairs of the state did not help. [citation needed]
moghuls. To bide time, he decided to send Diler a series of letters convincing him that he disapproved of his father's strategies and was him
forcefully involved Moropant Pingale, Balaji Awji Chitnis and Chitnis's son in their treachery. Soyrabai, mother of Rajaram was also a part o
surrounding Burhanpur. And to his surprise, Sambhaji had also reached Burhanpur in a very short time. Thus, within a fortnight of his coro
r) and Qutubshah (Golconda) empires to his feet. Aurangzeb acquired 2 generals namely Mukarrabkhan and Sarjakhan from Qutubshahi a
. Sambhaji utilised the available resources very well and made strategically adroit moves by comprehensively defeating the enemies of his
still they weren’t giving up. But then, there was a lull in the Maratha camp and Janjira was not attacked, on the orders of Sambhaji Maharaj.
They started inflicting fatal wounds on the Maratha army. The long-range, deadly arrows from the Mysore bowmen filled the skies. Thus, r
n needed].Sambhaji controlled the irate people of Goa. Seeing the inevitable, Portuguese ruler Count De Alwore and his ministers even too to somehow arrest Sambhaji by deceit, as he concluded that it wouldn’t be possible for him to annex the Maratha kingdom by force.
of Sangameshwar, resolving some issues and was about to leave the town.
. Ganoji told Mukarrab about the possible routes, to get to and capture Sambhaji and then, return back. It was a meticulously planned oper were taken to Bahadurgad.
greatness by standing up from his royal seat. Aurangzeb humiliated them by parading them wearing clown's clothes [citation needed
ing out their nails. The later part involved of removing their skin. On 11 March 1689, Sambhaji was finally killed, reportedly by tearing him a g in the Marathi language.
adhav were running riot in the Mughal army! [3]
most military power in India till they lost power to the British after 3 Anglo-Maratha wars, the last of which ended in 1818.Internal division am
y the Marathi people to this day.
er's strategies and was himself on the verge of joining Aurangzeb. This lead to the time consuming procedure of aski ng for Aurangzeb's p
Rajaram was also a part of this plan. However Sarnobat, the then Supreme Commander of Maratha forces, Hambirrao Mohite, Rajaram's
ithin a fortnight of his coronation, Sambhaji along with Hambirrao attacked Burhanpur. Mughals tried to retaliate but were taken aback by
arjakhan from Qutubshahi and Adilshahi empires respectively. However, he was not able to bring an end to the Maratha Empire. It was to b
feating the enemies of his kingdom like Siddi of Janjira, Chikkadev Rai of Mysore and Portuguese of Goa and Bassein (Vasai) before they
ders of Sambhaji Maharaj. Other Maratha chiefs were getting anxious and didn’t know the reason behind this. The re ason was that Sambh
en filled the skies. Thus, realizing the casualties, Sambhaji retreated for the time being. Sambhaji then ordered all the local cobblers to pre
and his ministers even took out the body of St. Xavier and started praying for their safety. And, to their astonishment, Sambhaji had to depa a kingdom by force.
meticulously planned operation. If not for Ganoji, Mughals could have never laid their hands on Sambhaji.[2]
hes[citation needed]. Later, Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were tied upside down to camels with Mughal soldiers throwing stones, mud, and c
eportedly by tearing him apart from the front and back with 'Wagh Nakhe (Tiger claws, a kind of weapon), and was b eheaded with an axe.
in 1818.Internal division among marathas led to defeat against british. Peshwa could not control Maratha knights- Sh inde and holkar and
aski ng for Aurangzeb's permission for further course of action. Eventually, Sambhaji was allowed to become an ally of Auranzeb. This allo
birrao Mohite , Rajaram's uncle ( Mother's brother) supported Sambhaji since he was the rightful heir to the throne. At the time of Shivaji's
but were taken aback by the sudden attack of the Marathas and thus, couldn’t do much to save Burhanpur. The Mughals either hid somew
aratha Empire. It was to be the fi nal war in his life and lasted all of 27 years until his death near Aurangabad in 1707.
ssein (Vasai) before they could turn on him and support Aurangzeb.
e re ason was that Sambhaji had sent a spy along with some trust-worthy Men in the fort of Janjira to deceive the Siddis. Nobody except S
ll the local cobblers to prepare rubber clothing. Then, these garments were laden with oil. Marathas then started making bows and arrows u
ment, Sambhaji had to depart from Goa, as Aurangzeb had again sent about 100,000 (a lakh) troops to run wild in the Maratha kingdom.
owing stones, mud, and cow dung at them [citation needed].
s b eheaded with an axe. This grievous death was given to him at Tulapur on the banks of Bhima river, near Pune.
- Sh inde and holkar and this led to weakening of Maratha Empire. Still, British were defeated at first Anglo-Maratha war which was fought
ally of Auranzeb. This allowed Shivaji to finish off his campaign in the south and turn back to Deccan. When Auranzeb came to know of th
ne. At the time of Shivaji's death, there was news of impending attack of Aurangzeb's army on Marathas and at such a crucial juncture, a s
Mughals either hid somewhere or locked themselves up in the fort of Burhanpur. Marathas plundered all the Mughal treasure in Burhanpu
e Siddis. Nobody except Sambhaji knew about this. However, the day on which the spy and his Maratha comrades were going to leave Jan
making bows and arrows using a particular local tree. These bows and arrows were ordinary and crude. A piece of cloth was wound at the
in the Maratha kingdom.
tha war which was fought by all Maratha sardars unitedly.Marathas and Tipu sultan are the exception in regard that they were only rulers w
anzeb came to know of the little trick played on him by Sambhaji, he became furious.
such a crucial juncture, a strong leader like Sambhaji was the need of the hour. Therefore, Hambirrao did not support his own sister and s
ughal treasure in Burhanpur. The Mughals were made poorer by about 20 million rupees. Sambhaji also purchased horses from an Arab tr
es were going to leave Janjira by blowing u p the gunpowder and explosives store, they were caught, as a female-servant came to know a
e of cloth was wound at the arrows’ head and it was set on fire using oil. Thus, Sambhaji transformed ordinary arrows into fiery arrows. But
hat they were only rulers who could defeat British.
pport his own sister and sided with Sambhaji. It was chiefly because of Hambirrao Mohite's support that Sambhaji was able to ascend to his
ed horses from an Arab trader, although the utterly frightened trader, was ready to give away the horses for free. This attack is a perfect ex
e-servant came to know about this and informed the Siddis. They were all killed and only one managed to escape. Sambhaji got this news
ows into fiery arrows. But still the Mysore bowmen had longer, st ronger, better quality bows and arrows than the Marathas. Marathas then
ji was able to ascend to his rightful place on the Maratha throne in 1681. Howeve r Sambhaji pardoned Moropant Pingale and again re-app
. This attack is a perfect example of careful planning, execution, excellent strategic mobility an d immense courage of the Marathas under S
e. Sambhaji got this news and couldn’t believe his misfortune. He now wanted to d estroy the fort and came up with a unique idea of buildi
Marathas. Marathas then started attacking the forts in Mysore. The Mysore bowmen started striking from the forts. But, their lethal arrows
t Pingale and again re-appointed him on the post of “Pes hwa”. Later on there were no differences between Sambhaji and Moropant Pinga
ge of the Marathas under Sambhaji. Marathas safely reached Raigad with all the loot. Pe ople of Burhanpur, especially women and children
ith a unique idea of building a bridge of stones from the shore leading to the fort. However, the implementation was very risky, difficult and
rts. But, their lethal arrows proved futile, as the oil-laden rubber clothing neutralized the effects of the arrows. Then, Marathas started strik
haji and Moropant Pingale as they together participated in the 1681 Burhanpur war. Soyrabai (step-mother of Sambhaji) al so felt guilty ab
cially women and children weren’t harmed at all. [2]
as very risky, difficult and consumed time. When about half of the bridge was built and victory for the Marathas was inevitable, news cam
en, Marathas started striking with their arrows. These arrows would strike the explosives and gunpowder store, causing explosions and ma
ambhaji) also felt guilty about what she had done and later died heart-broken. The rest of those who were guilty were either crushed unde
was inevitable, news came that Aurangzeb had sent 100,000 (a lakh) troops to ravage the Maratha kingdom. Thus, Sambhaji had to leave
ausing explosions and many casualties. The forts of Chikkadev Rai fell into the hands of the Marathas one by one. Thus, Chik kadev Rai w
were either crushed under elephant's leg or thrown down the Raigad fort. [2]
us, Sambhaji had to leave Janjira to counter the Mughal army.
e. Thus, Chik kadev Rai was brought down to his knees and he agreed to abide by the terms of the Marathas.
Shrimant Rajaram Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati M
Reign Coronation
1689 – 1700 1689
Full name Rajaram Shivaji Bhosale Born 1670 Birthplace Raigad fort Died March 2, 1700 Place of death Sinhagad fort, Maharastra Predecessor Sambhaji Bhosale Successor Tarabai Bhosale Consort Tarabai Royal House Father Shivaji Bhosale Mother Soyrabai
[edit] Siege of Gingee for seven years
Aurangzeb deputed Ghazi-ud-din Firoze Jang against Marathas in the Deccan, but specially sent Zulfiqar Khan to capture Ging [edit] Generals Santaji and Dhanaji
Though Rajaram was not able to move out of Jinji, his young generals Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav continued to hara
Santaji Ghorpade whose father Senapati Mhaloji Ghorpade died in the battle of Sangmeshwar along with Sambhaji, was direct
With the plight of Rajaram, the rout of the Marathas was almost complete. Aurangzeb was at his zenith of power. But then the b
Santaji is credited with the defeat of at least three major Mughal chiefs. One Mughal general Kasim Khan was so badly defeate [edit] Death
Rajaram died of an unspecified illness in 1700 at fort Sinhagad in present day Maharashtra, perhaps due to his weak constituti [edit] An estimate
Rajaram was a cool minded person. He was quite patient and practical. During the time of crisis he remained as a rallying poin [edit] See also Chhatrapati Maratha Empire
Bhonsle family ancestry Khando Ballal [edit] Notes 1. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.296
2. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.289,365-70 3. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.609 4. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.294-5
t to Vellore and afterwards Vishalgarh. [4] Rajaram tried to counter with a siege of the town of Berar, but was checked by Prince
n Santaji and Dhanaji.
ved due to magnanimity of the marathas.
hav. He was killed when he was alone taking bath by one Nagoji Mane. The severed head of Santaji was presented to Aurangzeb for rewa
r her young son, Shivaji II. Eventually, Shahuji succeeded Rajaram as the fourth Chattrapati in 1708.
ingee fort, he had to give more authorities to his generals which slowly eroded the strong position of the king. However considering the tas
ecked by Prince Bedarbakht and Zulfiqar Khan and had to return.
ted to Aurangzeb for reward. Such was the tragic end of one of the most distinguished general of ca valry in the contemporary India.
ever considering the task before him, he did his job well. He built a temple at Sindhu durg in the memory of his father.
contemporary India.
Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj..
Shrimant Rajaram Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1670-1700 AD) was the younger son of the first Chattrapati Shivaji, step-brother of the second Chattrapati Sambhaji, and took over the Maratha Empire as the third Chattrapati after his brother was tortured and killed by Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb in 1689. He had a very short reign during which he was furiously pursued by the Mughals He was pampered by his mother and liked by all due to his docile nature.He was decalred chatrapati at the age of 10 by a faction of court after death of Shivaji.However Sambhaji prevailed and assumed the throne.Sambhaji put othere to death but brought up his brother as a prince.Future events proved this.He was vey cultured and accomodative. As Mughals started lying siege to the region around Raigad, the brave widow of Sambhaji, Rani Yesubai sent the young Rajaram to the stronghold of Pratapgad through Kavlya ghat. The Maratha army fought fiercely with Mughals and led the new Maratha King, Rajaram to escape through Kavlya ghat to the town of Jinji (sometimes anglicised to Ginjee) in present day state of Tamil Nadu and its fort via Pratapgad-Vishalgad forts Aurangzeb deputed Gajiuddin Firoj Jung against Marathas in the Deccan, but specially sent Zulfikar Khan to capture Jinji which was captured in 1698. Rajaram tried to counter with a siege of the town of Berar, but was checked by Prince Bedarbakht and Zulfikar Khan and had to return. However, his generals like Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav continued to harass the Mughal army through guerrilla tactics.Kafi khan writes about them that whenever mughal horses used to refuse to go to water,it was feared that whether they had seen Santaji and Dhanaji. Santaji Ghorpade whose father senapti Ghorpade died in the battle of Sangmeshwar alongwith Sambhaji, was directed by Sambhaji to Raigarh to rescue the queen and Rajaram.The gallant true to the words given to his master secured release of Rajaram from the siege of Raigarh . WIth plight of Rajaram, the route of maratha was alomst complete.Aurangzeb was at his zenith of power.But then the brave Santaji on his own forded the river Bhima even though it was flooded , and attacked the vety centre of Mughal camp.Aurangzeb who was reading the holy Koran was saved due to magnamity of the maratha . Santaji is credited with defeat of at least three major chiefs of Mughals.One Mughal genral Kasim Khan was so badly defeated that he committed suicide.By brilliant tactis of cavalry ,Santaji played havoc right from Poona region to Tanjore region. Unfortunatley he fell out with Rajaram and Dhanaji Jadhav .He was killed when he was alone taking bath by one Nagoji Mane.The severed head of Santaji was presentd to Aurangzeb for reward.Such was the tragic end of the one of the most distingushed general of cavalry in the contemporay India or rather world. Rajaram died of an unspecified illness in 1700 at the Sinhagad fort in present day Maharashtra, perhaps due to his weak constitution. Thereafter the Maratha empire suffered a power vacumn until the release of his nephew, Shahuji in 1707. In the interim, Rajaram's wife, Tarabai ruled the empire as regent for her young son. Eventually, Shahuji succeeded Rajaram as the fourth Chattrapati.
Grap hics 41
Rani Yesubai
''Yesubai'' was the wife of Sambhaji, a Maratha emperor.She was the daughter of Pilajirao Shirke, an illu who was in the services of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.Yesubai was by various accounts extremely beaut She was fiercely loyal to the goals of her father-in-law, Shivaji maharaj, of establishing and perpetuating th said that she aided her husband, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in the daily affairs of state, giving just and was extremely loyal to her husband Sambhaji and was very proud of his audacity and other qualities. She against her own brother when he unjustly demanded of Sambhaji Maharaj a vatan. She was the most favo Maharaj, and was his lifelong faithful companion, friend and beloved.They had a son called Shahaji, but h Aurangzeb as 'Shahu' to obliterate any memories of his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
ilajirao Shirke, an illustrious Maratha Sardar, unts extremely beautiful, wise and prudent. ng and perpetuating the Maratha empire. It is f state, giving just and wise suggestions. She d other qualities. She did not hesitate to go She was the most favourite wife of Sambhaji called Shahaji, but he was renamed by ivaji Maharaj.
Grap hics 43
Rani Tarabai
Graphics 46
Tarabai is also the name of a small town in São Paulo, Brazil.
Tarabai (1675-1761) was a queen of the Maratha Empire in India. Her husband was Chhatrapati Rajaram, son of S Tarabai was the daughter of the famed Maratha general Hambirao Mohite. She was the niece of Soyarabai, the sec
War with the Mughals
The Marathas were continually at war with the Mughals, and in 1700 the Maratha capital Satara was besieged and s At about the same time Rajaram, who was the king at that time, died. Then Tarabai assumed control in the name of Tarabai was skilled in cavalry movement, and made strategic movements herself during wars. She personally led the war and continued the onslaught on the Mughals. A truce was offered to the Mughals in such way that it was promptly rejected by the Mughal emperor, and Tarabai c By 1705, Marathas had crossed the Narmada and entered Malwa, which was in Mughal possession. There they def Many well-known commanders, including Udaji Pawar and Hybatrao Nimbalkar, excelled in this offensive. This aggr strategy brought ruin upon the Mughals. They were defeated and withdrew from Maratha country. During this uncermonious withdrawal, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb died at Khultabad Dist Aurangabad
Political intrigues
In order to divide the Maratha onslaught, the Mughals released Shahu on certain conditions. He immediately challen Shahu eventually prevailed thanks to his legal position and in part to the Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath' diplomacy, and After Shahu's death in 1749, Tarabai helped conduct Ramaraja to the kingship. Afterwards, however, she denounce he was not her grandson as he claimed. During this period of weakened royal power, Tarabai exercised great influe She headed one of several factions vying for control within the increasingly fractious confederacy. Hailed as Bhadrakali, her name is still celebrated in countryside in parts of Maharashtra. Noted historian Jadunath Sarkar has written about her, "In that awful crisis her character and strength saved the na
Preceded Regent of Succeede by the d by
Rajaram Chhatrapati Chhatrapati Shahuji Maratha Empire 1700– 1708
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was coronated a sovereign king, in 1674. His administration was centralised and had 8 misters to look after the affairs of the state. At this time his vast kingdom included whole of costal Maharashtra, Karnataka, and parts of Gujrat and Tamilnadu.
In 1680, he was succeeded by his son Sambhaji, then 23 years old. Some accounts describe Sambhaji as irrespons addicted successor; while others describe him as a shrewd and responsible king. After Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb marched on Deccan with the intention of ending the Maratha empire. After a strugg captured and killed by Aurangzeb. Sambhaji's younger brother Rajaram, succeeded him. Enraged by Sambhaji's br lead by Rajaram fought Aurangzeb. He fought for nearly 10 years, until his death. His wife Tarabai continued the str capital of Maratha empire to Karaveer (Kolhapur). With the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 the Maratha struggle ended 30 years against the Mughals. This was the toughest time for Marathas. For most of the time they fought without a k
After Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb marched on Deccan with the intention of ending the Maratha empire. After a strugg captured and killed by Aurangzeb. Sambhaji's younger brother Rajaram, succeeded him. Enraged by Sambhaji's br lead by Rajaram fought Aurangzeb. He fought for nearly 10 years, until his death. His wife Tarabai continued the str capital of Maratha empire to Karaveer (Kolhapur). With the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 the Maratha struggle ended 30 years against the Mughals. This was the toughest time for Marathas. For most of the time they fought without a k
hatrapati Rajaram, son of Shivaji the Great. niece of Soyarabai, the second wife Chatrapati Shivaji.
Satara was besieged and surrendered to the Mughals. med control in the name of her son, Sambhaji II.
hal emperor, and Tarabai continued the Maratha resistance. possession. There they defeated several Mughal garrisons. in this offensive. This aggressive Maratha Dist Aurangabad
ns. He immediately challeneged Tarabai and Sambhaji II for leadership of the Maratha polity. ishwanath' diplomacy, and Tarabai was sidelined for some time. She established a rival court in Kolhapur in 1713. ds, however, she denounced Ramaraja on the grounds that rabai exercised great influence in the Maratha state.
and strength saved the nation".
was centralised and had 8 of costal Maharashtra, cribe Sambhaji as irresponsible, ratha empire. After a struggle of 9 years Sambhaji was . Enraged by Sambhaji's brutal death, the Marathas e Tarabai continued the struggle. She shifted the he Maratha struggle ended. Marathas fought for nearly time they fought without a king and without a kingdom.
Shrimant Shahu Sambhaji Raje Bhonsle Chha
Shrimant Shahu Sambhaji Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1682-1749) was the fourth ruler of the Chhatrapati Shivaji, and was officially the Raja of Satara (now in the state of Maharashtra, India). More popularly known as Chattrapati Shahuji, he came out of captivity by the Mughals and survived a civil war to ga Somewhat of a roi fainéant, he was a good judge of character, but was content to let his Prime Ministers (the Peshw He was the son of the second Chattrapati Sambhaji, who was killed by the Mughals in 1689.
1. Imprisonment
During Mughal-Maratha war of 27 years Shahuji was imprisoned by the Mughals at the age of 7 years after the fall o The Marathas emerged as victorious in this long war. The Mughals retreated around 1707 after the death of the the The next Emperor Bahadur Shah released Shahuji in 1707 under conditions which rendered him a vassal of the Mu His mother was still held captive to ensure good behaviour by him and her release could be obtained only in 1719 when Marathas became strong and controlled Delhi. After his release Shahuji had to contend with a competing claim by his aunt, Tarabai and her son, Raje Sambhaji II She set up a competing Kingdom of Kolhapur. With the assistance of Balaji Vishwanath who was later appointed the ‘‘Peshwa (Marathi for Prime Minister) and Sardar Khanderao Dabhade who was later appointed the ‘‘Senapati (Marathi for Commander-in-Chief), Shahuji outmanoeuvered Tarabai in 1714 and consolidated his power Being a grandson of Great Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, Shahu could not make strong impression on history and th His childhood was spent in royal mughals captivity, he was kept away from his own people, and he could not got an After release from mughals, then caretaker of Maratha kingdom, Rani Tarabai refused to give him throne, which she Shahu was alone and was not very ambitious like his grandfather and father. Balaji Viswanath sensed opportunity t and helped Shahu to turn Maratha’s loyal to Rani Tarabai towards Shahu. In exchange Shahu appointed Balaji Vish of Maratha kingdom. After civil war Shahu was kept away from regular politics of the empire and was forced to settle Maratha Empire was then governed by Peshwas of Pune.
2. Accomplishments
Shahuji's primary accomplishment was in stabilising the fractured Maratha empire after the defeat of the Mughals by During the War of 27 Years many Maratha nobles became powerful. He was the binding force of the Marathas. Under his patronage his many civilian officers like Balaji or army commanders like Bajirao, Raghoji I Bhonsle the Maratha frontiers. In a real sense he was the emperor of contemporary India, but remained grateful to even wea of the great Mughals. During his captivity, Mughals had raised him as a prince and never compromised his honor or He spent his entire childhood and youth, from age 7 to age 28 in the custody of the Mughals. He had passed throug uncertainties of life. Born as a prince, he became a prisoner at the age of 7, became a Chattrapati at the age of 28 a empire spreading all over the continent. These events strengthened him.
3. Socio-political revolution
As a patron, he always gave space to the rising talented buds to act and as an authority made those ambitious chie Shahuji was instrumental in giving space to new talents irresepctive their background. His reign saw rise of many lik changes in late 19th century as a result of this.Shinde and many more talented people who later became the strong Maratha empire expanded and flourished, especially Bajirao Peshwa and Holkars in North. He is credited with esta which later became a hereditary position. He appointed a young Bajirao as Peshwa on April 17, 1719 after the prem After 20 years tenure of Bajirao, he appointed Nanasaheb, as Peshwa. These three Peshwas were extremely efficie acknowledged their efforts to enhance the Maratha Empire. He is also responsible for appointing Sarkhel Kanhoji A Maratha naval chief, in return for his moving loyalty from the Tarabai camp. He appointed Sardar Khanderao Dabha Commander-in-Chief. During his tenure almost all sections of society rose to power. Perhaps Maratha empire was t which accommodated many new socio-economic groups which were hitherto miles away from the power. It had ha on the social fabric of the nation. Maharashtra witnessed a spate of social
4. Family
Shahuji had four wives, and fathered two sons and four daughters. He adopted two sons,
Meherban Shrimant Fatehsinh I Raje Sahib Bhonsle and Shrimant Rajaram II Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj Sa in 1745 (who succeeded him as the Raja of Satara).
5. Death
After Shahuji's death in 1749 his adopted son, Rajaram II succeeded him, but he was largely incompetent. The Maratha empire was primarily governed by the Peshwas from then onwards, with the Chattrapatis remaining th
nsle Chhatrapati Maharaj
urth ruler of the Maratha Empire created by his grandfather, ashtra, India). d survived a civil war to gain the throne in 1707. rime Ministers (the Peshwas) rule on a day-to-day basis.
ge of 7 years after the fall of Raigad, the Maratha capital in Feb. 1689 when his parents were also captured. after the death of the then Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. red him a vassal of the Mughal emperor. be obtained only in 1719 her son, Raje Sambhaji II (son of Rajaram). ho was later appointed the nd consolidated his power. pression on history and the politics of his time. e, and he could not got any military education. give him throne, which she had defended from might mughals. nath sensed opportunity to become kingmaker hahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath Prime Minister ire and was forced to settle at Satara.
e defeat of the Mughals by Marathas. force of the Marathas. , Raghoji I Bhonsle and many more expanded ained grateful to even weak descendants compromised his honor or that of his mother. als. He had passed through hardships and all attrapati at the age of 28 and saw the
ade those ambitious chiefs to submit before his highness. reign saw rise of many like Balaji, o later became the strong support on which the th. He is credited with establishing the position of Peshwa, ril 17, 1719 after the premature death of his father Balaji Vishwanath. was were extremely efficient and Shahu always ointing Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre to the position of the first Sardar Khanderao Dabhade as his "Sarsenapati" or aps Maratha empire was the most socially mobile empire from the power. It had had an effect
le Chhatrapati Maharaj Sahib
ely incompetent. Chattrapatis remaining the titular head.
Shrimant Ramaraja Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Mahar
Ramaraja was the fifth monarch of the Maratha Confederacy. He was the adoptive son of Ch the putative grandson of Chhatrapati Rajaram. The early years of his reign were marked by succession, as the dowager queen Tarabai denounced him and alleging that he was not in fa Rajaram and herself. During Ramaraja's reign, the power of the Chhatrapati was almost tota that of the Peshwas or Prime Ministers; furthermore, the Marathas were engaged in con ...M Royal House of Chhatrapati Shivaji. Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630-1680) Chhatrapati Sambhaji C Chhatrapati Shahuji Chhatrapati Ramaraja (nominally) Maratha Empire - The Royal House of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj ... Maratha Empire - Peshwa. Balaji Vishwanath Maratha Empire, The Reign of Shivaji, Maratha Empire - Shivaji's Successors, Maratha Empire - Shahu the Ch Empire - The Peshwa, Maratha Empire - The Decline of the Empire, Maratha Empire - Marath Empire -
The Royal House of Chhatrapati Shivaji, Maratha Empire - The Royal House of Kolhapur, Maratha Empire
pati Maharaj
adoptive son of Chhatrapati Shahuji, and n were marked by controversy over his at he was not in fact the grandson of ati was almost totally overshadowed by ngaged in con ...Maratha Empire - The atrapati Sambhaji Chhatrapati Rajaram The Royal House of Kolhapur. ... th Maratha Empire, Maratha Empire ire - Shahu the Chatrapati, Maratha ha Empire - Marathas Rulers, Maratha
apur, Maratha Empire - PeshwaBajirao < ...
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